Exploring the Stunning Core of Messier 77: A Deep Dive into the Galaxy’s Heart

Posted on May 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Discover stunning new images captured by NASA/ESA/CSA’s James Webb Space Telescope featuring the barred spiral galaxy Messier 77, showcasing its mesmerizing swirl of dust, vibrant newborn stars, and an extraordinarily active nucleus.

This breathtaking image of Messier 77, taken by Webb’s Mid-Infrared Observatory (MIRI), illustrates its unique spiral arms, dust within its disk, and an exceptionally bright core. The orange lines radiating from the galaxy’s center are diffraction spikes, an optical phenomenon from Webb’s design. Image credit: NASA / ESA / CSA / Webb / A. LeRoy.

Situated about 62 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Cetus, Messier 77 ranks among the brightest and most extensively studied galaxies visible from Earth.

This galaxy, commonly referred to as the Squid Galaxy, NGC 1068, LEDA 10266, and Cetus A, boasts an apparent magnitude of 9.6.

First discovered in 1780 by French astronomer Pierre Méchain, Messier 77 was initially recorded as a nebula before its true galactic nature was revealed.

As technology advanced, astronomers like Charles Messier recognized the galaxy’s immense scale and complexity.

Measuring approximately 100,000 light-years in diameter, Messier 77 is one of the largest entries in the Messier catalog, with a gravitational influence strong enough to distort its neighboring galaxies. Additionally, it is one of the nearest galaxies exhibiting an active galactic nucleus (AGN).

Messier 77 is classified as a Type II Seyfert galaxy and is particularly luminous in infrared wavelengths.

According to Webb astronomers, “At the heart of Messier 77 lies a compact region filled with hot gas that shines brighter than the entire galaxy, surpassing even the capacity of Webb’s camera.”

“Powered by a supermassive black hole weighing 8 million solar masses, this AGN pulls gas into rapid orbits, causing collisions that generate immense radiation.”

This striking image of Messier 77, captured by Webb’s Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam), brilliantly showcases its features. Image credit: NASA / ESA / CSA / Webb / A. LeRoy.

“Messier 77 is not only recognized for its visible AGN but also as a vigorous star-forming galaxy,” they added.

“Near-infrared observations reveal a widening bar in the central region, untraceable in visible-light images of the galaxy.”

“This bar is encircled by a bright ring known as the starburst ring, formed by the inner sections of Messier 77’s two spiral arms.”

“Starburst zones in galaxies typically exhibit remarkably high star formation rates.”

“This ring, exceeding 6,000 light-years in diameter, displays intense starburst activity characterized by dense orange bubbles surrounding the ring.”

“Given Messier 77’s relatively close proximity to Earth, this starburst ring serves as an exemplary case study in galactic phenomena.”

“As an active spiral galaxy, Messier 77’s disk is abundant in gas and dust, both of which are vital for future star formation.”

“Webb’s MIRI highlights the galaxy’s view filled with the glow of interstellar dust particles, depicted here in blue.”

“These particles form massive vortexes of swirling filaments resembling smoke, with cavities interspersed.”

“Glowing orange bubbles, crafted by newly formed star clusters, can also be seen along the galaxy’s arms.”

“Beyond Webb’s focused field of view, Messier 77’s arms integrate into a faint hydrogen gas ring, thousands of light-years wide, where additional star formation is underway.”

“Delicate filaments of hydrogen gas stretch across this ring into intergalactic space, forming the outermost layer surrounding the galaxy.”

“These tentacle-like filaments contribute to the moniker Squid Galaxy for Messier 77.”

Source: www.sci.news

David Attenborough: Unique Contributions and Controversies in Nature Documentary

Posted on May 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

David Attenborough Filming The Trials of Life in Wales (1998)

Image Credit: Nick Upton/Nature Picture Library/Alamy

David Attenborough filming The Trials of Life — David Attenborough Filming The Trials of Life in Wales (1998)

Image Credit: Nick Upton/Nature Picture Library/Alamy

David Attenborough is a celebrated figure in British broadcasting, often regarded as one of the nation’s most trusted celebrities. His unique style sets him apart as a beloved broadcaster.

As he approaches his 100th birthday on May 8, it’s worth reflecting on his remarkable career, which began in natural history broadcasting in 1954 with Zoo Quest. This pioneering program followed London Zoo staff as they ventured to tropical regions to capture rare animals for the UK. Although a product of its era, it showcased Attenborough’s talents at a time when only a third of British households owned a television. It laid the groundwork for future nature documentaries, particularly the acclaimed series, Life on Earth, which debuted in 1979.

People frequently ponder who might take his place. However, the unique niche that enabled Attenborough’s evolution—embodied by the BBC’s dominant cultural influence and limited viewing options—is no longer present. Today, social media has spurred a proliferation of science communicators, each adapting uniquely to a rapidly changing landscape.

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The truth is, the niche market that allowed Attenborough to evolve no longer exists.
“

This fragmentation presents pros and cons. Platforms like TikTok, YouTube, and podcasts allow for flexibility beyond traditional television schedules, fostering a diverse array of voices. Even those who might not appreciate Attenborough’s style can explore various presenters offering fresh perspectives.

However, this multiplicity has downsides. Television editors traditionally shaped what viewers experienced, whereas algorithms now dictate content, often prioritizing quick gratification over substantive engagement. While many science creators, like Attenborough, focus on factual content, misinformation can also spread unchecked. We increasingly lose elements of shared cultural experience as audiences drift toward individualized content.

Fortunately, Attenborough’s programs remain accessible and continue to resonate. To celebrate his centennial, we encourage you to explore our curated list of his most impactful works.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unveiling Britain’s Past: Study Shows Minimal Roman Influence in Ancient DNA Analysis

Posted on May 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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This Victorian-era chromolithograph illustrates Boudica’s revolt against the Romans around 60 AD.

Credit: Popper Photo (Getty Images)

Boudica's Rebellion Against the Romans — This Victorian-era chromolithograph illustrates Boudica’s revolt against the Romans around 60 AD.

Credit: Popper Photo (Getty Images)

Recent studies highlight the limited genetic influence of Roman occupation on modern British populations, revealing surprising insights into Britain’s genetic history.

“The Roman conquest’s genetic impact seems to be far less significant than previously thought,” says Rachel Pope, a PhD candidate at the University of Liverpool, who wasn’t involved in the research.

<p><a href="https://www.crick.ac.uk/research/find-a-researcher/marina-soares-da-silva">Marina Soares da Silva</a> and her team at the Francis Crick Institute analyzed the genomes of 1,039 ancient Britons, dating from the Bronze Age (2550 BC - 1150 AD) following the Norman Conquest. Roman rule in Britain lasted from 43 AD to 410 AD.</p>

<p>The findings indicated that nearly 100% of individuals living during the Roman period shared ancestry solely with Iron Age Britons, with only 20% exhibiting genetic contributions from outside Britain.</p>

<p>"Given the extensive lifestyle changes during Roman times, the mere 20% genetic influence is astonishing," notes <a href="https://www.lancashire.ac.uk/academics/duncan-sayer">Duncan Thayer</a> from the University of Lancashire, who wasn't part of the study. "I anticipated a more diverse genetic mix."</p>

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<p>"This implies that the Roman conquest was less about altering genetics and more about transforming lifestyles," Thayer explains. "Their focus was on converting Britain into a series of exploitable economies, driven by a select few."</p>

<p>This aligns with previous research indicating <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/41/9/msae168/7741671?login=false">minimal Roman genetic influence in rural regions</a>.</p>

<p>One notable area where the Romans influenced British society was in burial customs. Pre-Roman evidence suggests that women had significant autonomy, with practices such as matrilocality where women remained in their ancestral homes as men migrated.</p>

<p>In Iron Age Britain, burial practices typically followed maternal lineage, with individuals buried alongside maternal relatives rather than spouses. Silva and her research team discovered more sites in southwestern England evidencing these matrilineal burials extending into the late Iron Age.</p>

<p>"This discovery was unexpected, particularly the implications in the western regions," says Pope.</p>

<p>However, Roman burial sites displayed no discernible family patterns, suggesting a departure from Iron Age customs and lifestyles.</p>

<p>Pope notes that the enduring legacy of Boudica, the Aisni queen who led a revolt against the Roman Empire around 60 AD, reflects this loss. "Her story symbolizes a woman protesting against the inability to inherit property."</p>

<p>After the Romans departed, significant genetic changes occurred. Between 400 and 600 AD, various Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrated to and established dominance over modern England. The Anglo-Saxon populace remained influential until the Norman Conquest in 1066.</p>

<p>Silva’s analysis revealed a prominent influx of ancestry tied to Germanic-speaking tribes by the 6th century, impacting over 70% of the Anglo-Saxon demographic in southern Britain.</p>

<p>This observation parallels findings by <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05247-2">Thayer's research team</a>, where about 76% of genomes from the same era indicated similar genetic markers.</p>

<p>The results indicated a clustering of ancestral profiles, establishing a population labeled as early medieval Britain I. From the 8th to 10th century, this genetic lineage saw a decline, with increased presence from central and southern European ancestries.</p>

<p>The genetic influence of the Viking population was shown to be limited, despite the establishment of the Danelaw region, which was under Viking control from the 9th to 11th centuries. During this period, only 4% of Britons could trace their ancestry back to Iron Age Scandinavia.</p>

<p>This trend can be accounted for through two stages of Viking incursions, Thayer affirms. In earlier raids, genetics were predominantly Scandinavian, as Vikings captured individuals from Ireland and England. Conversely, later invasions resulted in a diverse genetic mix due to existing populations in Britain.</p>

<p>Silva's team analyzed 69 genomes from the post-Norman Conquest period, discovering similar evidence of genetic stagnation post-invasion, although most genomes were from a singular site in Leicester, limiting generalizability across the country.</p>

<p>Pope concludes that these findings illustrate the dynamic genetic influx into the UK from diverse populations across Europe. "What does it mean to be English?"</p>

<p>Thayer suggests, "Perhaps we are imposing modern concepts of ethnicity that held different significances in the past."</p>

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            <h3 class="SpecialArticleUnit__Heading">Discovering Hadrian's Wall: An Insight into Roman Innovations</h3>
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                <p>Experience history firsthand on an immersive walking tour along Hadrian's Wall, one of Britain's most iconic ancient monuments and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p>
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    <p class="ArticleTopics__Heading">Topics Covered:</p>
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Source: www.newscientist.com

Eco-Friendly Upcycling: Transforming Polystyrene with Sunlight and Sulfur – Sciworthy

Posted on May 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Annually, over 20 million tons of polystyrene plastic is manufactured, yet only a fraction undergoes recycling globally. Traditional recycling processes demand substantial energy and often employ harsh, toxic chemicals to break down the robust molecular chains of polystyrene. An innovative solution lies in harnessing sulfur, a cost-effective byproduct from crude oil refining. Sulfur’s unique chemical properties enable it to cleave the strong bonds within long plastic molecules. Despite its plentiful availability, sulfur is underutilized, and converting it into a more practical form typically requires excessive heat, limiting its usability over time.

Researchers at the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics proposed that sulfur could aid in breaking down polystyrene waste to generate more valuable chemicals. They harnessed sunlight through a process known as light heat conversion to facilitate this reaction. The team successfully used this thermal energy to transform polystyrene and sulfur into useful compounds such as 2,4-diphenylthiophene, also referred to as Chemical D, and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, or Chemical T, which are essential in the production of semiconductors and chemical sensors.

To verify their hypothesis, the research team combined ground polystyrene and sulfur in a 1:0.5 molar ratio within a sealed glass tube. They attached a balloon to the tube and secured it on a steel stand. Sunlight was focused onto the tube’s base using a curved mirror. Upon heating, the yellow-white solid melted and transitioned to a red-black liquid after just 2 minutes. Following heating, the mirror was removed, allowing the system to cool before collecting gaseous products from the balloon and dissolving the remaining solids for further analysis and purification.

The researchers fine-tuned the reaction conditions to identify factors affecting the results. They examined the reaction without sulfur, varying the sulfur ratio from 0.2 to 0.8 and substituted elemental sulfur with alternative sulfur-containing compounds. Additionally, they explored incorporating known photothermal agents, particularly metal oxide additives, into their mixture.

To draw comparisons between sunlight and artificial light, the team replicated the experiment indoors using 100-watt LED bulbs while monitoring temperature changes with a thermal camera. A control experiment with only polystyrene was conducted to observe sulfur’s impact on yield under LED light. The team varied exposure times in increments of 1 minute, ranging from 1 to 6 minutes, to determine optimal conditions for yield under LED light. These assessments were crucial in understanding the necessary conditions for the reaction and how various elements influenced outcomes.

The results indicated that, without sulfur or alternative sulfur compounds, the reaction failed to produce Chemicals D or T under sunlight. Conversely, when sulfur was included, the reaction yielded a maximum of 34% D and 16% T at a sulfur ratio of 0.5. The introduction of metal oxides diminished chemical yields to 22% and 12%, respectively, suggesting these additives hindered the desired reaction. Notably, switching from sunlight to LED reduced the reaction yield to 26% for D and 13% for T.

The investigation also revealed the impact of reaction time on product formation, with yields gradually increasing and peaking at 4 minutes before stabilizing. The sulfur-containing mixture heated from room temperature to 320°C (608°F), while the control exhibited minimal temperature change. These findings confirmed sulfur’s dual role as both a reactant and a photothermal converter, facilitating the transformation of polystyrene into valuable chemicals.

Taking their research further, the scientists tested their method using real-world polystyrene waste, including food packaging and plastic foam. They successfully synthesized Chemicals D and T from these materials, demonstrating the practicality of their approach beyond laboratory conditions.

The researchers concluded that their study presents a simple, rapid, and solvent-free methodology for converting two abundant waste products into valuable chemicals utilizing sunlight. By merging polystyrene waste with excess sulfur, they establish a sustainable polymer upcycling pathway that leverages clean energy, applicable to common plastics.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Cambridge University Professor Warns: Hidden Risks of Weight Loss Drugs Ignored by Doctors

Posted on May 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Weight loss doesn’t need to be an exhausting struggle anymore. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) medications, such as Ozempic, Wegovy, and Mounjaro, have transformed obesity treatment, offering remarkable results with just a simple injection.

Research indicates that adults taking the maximum doses can experience weight loss of over 20% of their body weight within 16 months, providing additional health benefits for the liver, heart, and brain.

This trend is gaining traction in the U.S., where nearly 12% of adults, or about 41 million people, have tried GLP-1 treatments. This phenomenon is also noted across the Atlantic, with an estimated 1.6 million adults in the UK using weight loss drugs last year.

While the rise of GLP-1 usage seems like a win for weight management, a hidden challenge may be emerging.

Recent studies reveal that many individuals begin to experience essential nutrient deficiencies shortly after starting these medications.

For instance, research from the Cleveland Clinic indicates that out of 460,000 adults prescribed GLP-1 drugs, nearly 20% developed a nutrient deficiency within a year, many without even realizing it.

Micronutrients like vitamins and minerals, and macronutrients including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and fiber, are essential for the body’s health – Credit: Getty

Moreover, a separate study involving 480,000 GLP-1 users showed that 13.6% developed severe vitamin D deficiency within the first year, and approximately 60% didn’t get adequate iron or calcium from their diets.

The issue runs deeper. Another study suggests that GLP-1 drugs might deplete a range of vital nutrients, including magnesium, potassium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E.

“While these nutrients are required in small amounts, their importance cannot be overstated,” states Professor Giles Yeo, a specialist in neuroendocrinology and obesity at the University of Cambridge.

Additionally, adults on GLP-1 may also struggle to consume adequate protein and fiber.

Despite this prevalence, nutritional deficiencies often go unnoticed by healthcare providers, as many GLP-1 users are not monitored for their nutritional status. This oversight has been labeled a “major oversight” by professionals, as mentioned in a 2025 article in the International Journal of Obesity.

Dr. Stephen Heimsfield, director of the Metabolism and Body Composition Institute at Louisiana State University and lead author of the Cleveland Clinic study, emphasizes, “Obesity is a chronic disease that should be managed appropriately; this includes conducting nutritional blood tests if these medications are prescribed.”

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Smaller Portions, Bigger Problems

So why are these deficiencies occurring? It largely relates to how these drugs alter food consumption.

GLP-1 medications mimic the natural satiety hormone, leading users to feel satisfied with smaller amounts of food, which is pivotal for weight loss.

However, this also reduces the chances of obtaining all necessary nutrients daily.

“Many people on these drugs may not have had a nutritious diet to start with, often lacking fresh produce and relying heavily on ultra-processed foods that lack essential nutrients,” explains Yeo.

“If you simply take medication without adopting better dietary habits, you’ll likely consume less food, which is not ideal,” he continues. “Neglecting to improve your diet can lead to nutritional deficiencies.”

Nutrient deficiencies among GLP-1 users mirror those commonly found in the general population, such as vitamin D, calcium, and iron – Credit: Getty

Consequently, the deficiencies prevalent among GLP-1 users closely mirror those routinely observed in the general population. Common deficiencies include vitamin B12 and iodine among vegetarians and vegans, iron in menstruating women, and vitamin D in areas with limited sunlight exposure.

“These deficiencies are already fairly common,” Yeo adds, “and are likely to worsen with the use of GLP-1s.”

Moreover, these drugs not only limit dietary intake and heighten deficiency risk but may also lead to other side effects.

“GLP-1 treatment decreases food consumption but can also trigger gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea,” notes Dr. Heimsfield.

“With diarrhea, there’s a risk of losing nutrients that haven’t yet been absorbed.” In effect, some nutrients may be expelled from the body before absorption can occur.

This problem is significant, with nearly one-third of GLP-1 users experiencing diarrhea; almost a quarter report nausea and vomiting.

Tip the Scales

Experts warn that the scale of this issue is concerning. With millions currently using GLP-1 drugs, a significant proportion of the population may be facing nutritional deficiencies without their knowledge.

“This is important,” asserts Heimsfield. “We should not assume GLP-1s are completely safe. Only time will reveal the long-term implications of these deficiencies.”

In severe cases, nutritional deficiencies can escalate into medical emergencies. Some individuals have been diagnosed with a severe neurological condition characterized by slurred speech and disorientation due to vitamin B deficiency linked to GLP-1 medications.

Without strict nutritional monitoring, taking daily supplements may help mitigate deficiencies – Credit: Getty

While such cases are rare, common vitamin D deficiency can have severe long-term health consequences for the broader population.

Dr. Heimsfield notes that low vitamin D levels may lead to bone loss (osteoporosis), increasing frailty risks in older adults. Additionally, insufficient protein intake can escalate the risk of losing muscle mass—a condition known as sarcopenia—with weight loss.

“Individuals who are obese at 70 and using these drugs could be inadvertently heading toward sarcopenia and frailty,” warns Heimsfield, increasing their chances of falls and fractures later in life.

A Tale of Two Diets

This growing issue is a “real concern,” Yeo states. “It’s crucial to recognize that many users of GLP-1s are well-off, often with less concern about their initial dietary habits.”

Indeed, most GLP-1 users in the UK acquire the drug privately, with monthly expenses often exceeding hundreds of dollars in the U.S. Consequently, these individuals are likely more affluent and capable of affording nutritious food.

Nevertheless, the emergence of new pill formulations of GLP-1 may eventually reduce costs and increase accessibility for a broader audience.

“At some point, a significant number of less fortunate individuals, many of whom are not in control of their food choices, may gain access to these drugs, which could pose serious challenges,” remarks Yeo.

While supplements can help mitigate specific micronutrient deficiencies, Yeo stresses that they are not a substitute for proper medical guidance for those on GLP-1.

“We’re not trying to alarm anyone, as these drugs are indeed powerful tools,” he concludes. “However, we must be vigilant regarding micronutrients, which are already common deficiencies that can worsen when diets are restricted.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Rapid Increase in Sea Level Rise: Understanding the Accelerating Rates

Posted on May 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Vietnam’s Ho Chi Minh City Faces Increased Flooding Risk Due to Rising Sea Levels

Getty Images

The rate of sea level rise has dramatically accelerated since 2012, as measured by satellites, and this trend has persisted.

While these sudden increases may result from natural fluctuations, they could also signify a response to exacerbated global warming, as noted by Lancelot Leclerc from the University of Toulouse, France.

Over the past 15 years, global average sea levels have risen by more than 0.2 meters due to multiple contributing factors. The melting of mountain glaciers and the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica, alongside the thermal expansion of warming oceans, play significant roles.

Satellite monitoring of sea levels commenced in the 1990s, revealing a previously stable rise estimated at approximately 3.6 mm per year. However, significant data collected by Leclerc’s team highlights a shift post-2012, with the average increase accelerating from 2.9 mm/year to 4.1 mm/year.

Jonathan Bamber from the University of Bristol, who was not involved in the study, comments, “That’s not a robust signal. We’re not observing centimeters per year.”

Despite this, Bamber acknowledges that analyzing satellite data alongside century-old tide gauge records indicates a clear acceleration in sea level rise.

The researchers believe this increase stems frommultiple factors rather than a single cause. In addition to ice sheets melting at an accelerated rate, there’s a notable decrease in freshwater stored on land, which contributes more water to the oceans.

Moreover, the rate of global warming has intensified since around 2010, primarily due to reduced aerosol pollution in countries like China. Aerosols have a cooling effect, historically mitigating the impact of rising CO2 levels.

Leclerc presented findings at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) conference in Vienna, suggesting that decreasing air pollution contributes to accelerating sea level rise, highlighted in research published on May 5th.

Team member Annie Cazenave from the University of Toulouse remarked, “The trend change observed around 2012 seems related, in part, to an increase in anthropogenic radiation forcing linked to reduced aerosol emissions.”

Another study at the EGU meeting indicated that ocean water deeper than 2 kilometers has begun warming and expanding within the last decade, contributing further to the rise.

Prior to 2016, all recognized causes of sea level increase accounted for the observed global average rise. However, Yang Chunxue from Italy’s National Research Council indicates that these factors alone no longer explain the total increase observed since.

Yang proposed that we’ve overlooked significant contributors, likely including deep ocean warming—an area lacking systematic temperature measurements below 2 kilometers depth. Presently, around 4,000 robotic probes measure oceanic temperatures, but none extend this deep.

Using ocean models, Yang and their collaborators suggest that warming within shallower depths may help clarify the gap in sea level measurements. Their study indicates substantial deep ocean warming is occurring, particularly in the North Atlantic off the US east coast.

“Research suggests deep ocean warming began around 2016,” states Kazunabe, another study contributor. “Further investigation is necessary to confirm its correlation with the early 2010s trend change.”

The research team has estimated that deep ocean warming contributes an estimated 0.4 mm per year to sea level rise, accounting for roughly 10 percent of overall increases.

Topics:

climate change/
sea level rise

Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary ‘Metajet’ Uses Light to Navigate Sails for Interstellar Travel

Posted on May 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artist’s Impression of a Light Sail

Richard Bisley/Science Photo Library

Artist's impression of a light sail — Artist’s Impression of a Light Sail

Richard Bisley/Science Photo Library

Recent advancements in interstellar travel technology have brought us closer to utilizing light sails—massive sheets that harness reflected light to journey vast distances in space. Researchers have now developed a method to effectively pilot these innovative sails.

Kaushik Kudalkar from Texas A&M University comments, “We understood that any light or laser could transmit momentum, but our breakthrough allows for directional control.” His team has designed a compact device called the “metajet,” leveraging both refraction and reflection to enable motion in multiple directions simultaneously.

The metajet is crafted from a metasurface, a thin, textured material engineered to manipulate light. In this project, researchers inverted traditional applications by using light to influence the metasurface. A series of small pillars embedded in the material modulate the light intensity and momentum, controlling the device’s movement. The overall diameter of the metajet is approximately 0.01mm.

In experimental trials, the researchers submerged a silicon metajet in water and illuminated it with a laser, observing its movements through a microscope. Remarkably, the metajet managed to levitate and propel itself horizontally, achieving speeds of around 0.07 millimeters per second.

Metajet in Motion: Captured Every 10 Seconds

Kaushik Kudtarkar et al. 2026

Kudalkar emphasizes, “Now that we understand the forces acting on this device, we can redesign the metasurface for increased control.” They envision metasurfaces capable of changing shape dynamically, paving the way for advanced light sails in space exploration.

These technologies have implications beyond space; they can also be adapted for biomedical applications, such as directing drugs to specific sites. Kudalkar states, “While lasers can push drugs, they risk damaging sensitive molecules due to heat. With MetaJet, drugs can be delivered without exposure to harmful heat from the laser.”

The research team is exploring compatibility with various light wavelengths, particularly broad-spectrum sunlight, to enhance the effectiveness of light sails in space travel. “This pushes the boundaries of science fiction,” says Kudalkar.

Topics:

Materials Science/
Space Exploration

Source: www.newscientist.com

Harvard Doctor Reveals One Simple Change to Dramatically Improve Your Digestion

Posted on May 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

We’ve all faced the struggles of bathroom visits. Instead of sitting uncomfortably and waiting for relief, why not explore some effective ways to enhance your experience?

Improving your time on the toilet can be achieved by incorporating fiber into your diet, staying well-hydrated, and maintaining regular exercise. These habits may take time to develop, but there’s a simple change you can make today.

According to Dr. Trisha Pasricha, a gastroenterologist and professor at Harvard Medical School, “The easiest way is to elevate your knees above hip level.” You can do this using a stool, a stack of books, or even high heels, depending on your stature.

“This adjustment makes bowel movements significantly easier, even for those who don’t realize they have issues,” Dr. Pasricha adds.

Research supports Dr. Pasricha’s claims. A 2019 study by Ohio State University examined the impact of defecation positions on 52 adults. Participants documented their bowel movements for two weeks: one group used a standard toilet posture while the other utilized a “defecation posture correction device,” or footstool.

The study revealed that after over 1,100 bathroom visits, those using the footstool experienced reduced time on the toilet, decreased strain, and enhanced feelings of emptiness afterward. You can read the findings here.

Why does this work? Dr. Pasricha explains that elevating your knees relaxes the rectum. “The rectum functions as a reservoir for stool,” she elaborates. “It contains the puborectalis muscle that wraps around it, acting like a sling.”

While this muscle’s function is beneficial to prevent premature release, sitting at a 90-degree angle can obstruct this process.

Conversely, squatting straightens your rectum, allowing for smoother bowel movements. A review of 42 studies concluded that squatting significantly reduces the likelihood of constipation and hemorrhoids.

Using your phone in the bathroom can be fun, but it may distract you from the task at hand – Credit: Getty

While squatting is a common practice globally, many in the US and Europe prefer sitting toilets.

Dr. Pasricha notes, “We’ve accepted sitting as the norm. I understand the preference for stability on a toilet, but we compromise our physiological function in doing so.”

For those comfortable with traditional toilets, using a footstool can provide the benefits of squatting without the hassle.

Raising your knees above your hips can open the rectum and facilitate easier bowel movements.

Even a small footstool can increase the anorectal angle by 10 to 15 degrees – Credit: Getty

It’s worth noting that while a footstool is helpful, recent research from Australia and Israel showed no significant changes for individuals suffering from constipation despite using it.

Nevertheless, Dr. Pasricha suggests this approach could alleviate an “artificial, self-created problem that is counter to our physiology.”

For optimal results, a Japanese study indicates that leaning forward can further enhance your bowel freedom.

So, if you find yourself struggling, remember: it’s not you, it’s your angle.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

How a Massive Bering Strait Dam Could Prevent AMOC Collapse

Posted on May 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Bering Strait separates Alaska and Russia

Ocean Color/OB.DAAC/OBPG/NASA

The Bering Strait separates Alaska and Russia

Ocean Color/OB.DAAC/OBPG/NASA

An ambitious engineering project looms on the horizon: constructing a dam between Alaska and eastern Russia. This innovative proposal aims to combat the dire consequences of a weakening ocean current, and is under serious consideration at a prominent conference this week.

The seeds of this groundbreaking idea were sown by Jere Soon and his collaborator Henk Dijkstra, a researcher focused on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at Utrecht University, Netherlands. This current system, including the Gulf Stream, is crucial for keeping northern Europe warmer than its geographical latitude would suggest.

Current data indicates that the AMOC is weakening. The potential effects of its collapse are uncertain, but many models hint at a possible significant drop in temperatures across Northern Europe.

The concept was inspired by the Pliocene era, when sea levels were considerably lower and a land bridge existed where the Bering Strait now lies. During this time, simulations revealed a stronger AMOC due to the presence of this land bridge. “I thought: can we replicate this?” says Soon.

To explore the implications of such dam construction, Soon and Dijkstra simulated various AMOC scenarios, adjusting the construction date and freshwater levels.

Freshwater plays a crucial role in this dynamic, currently flowing from the Pacific Ocean into the North Atlantic through the Bering Strait, which in turn disrupts the AMOC. Constructing a dam could either halt or considerably slow this freshwater flow.

In a recent study, Soons and Dijkstra obtained mixed results: in certain scenarios, dams seemed to enhance the AMOC, while in others, they produced the opposite effect. It’s important to note that these findings were derived from relatively basic, low-resolution models.

On May 5, Dr. Soons presented significant research results at the European Geosciences Union General Assembly in Vienna, Austria. Simulations were re-evaluated using a supercomputer that employed advanced climate models. The results indicate that closing the strait could reinforce the AMOC, particularly if dams are constructed by 2050. “I was surprised at how robust the recovery was,” Soon remarked.

The Bering Strait, at its deepest point, measures only 59 meters and features two small islands in the middle, suggesting the viability of constructing a barrier. Ed McCann, former president of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers and current head of expedition engineering, suggests that rather than concrete, using flotation machinery to build barriers with rock and dredged sand would be most efficient. “This type of construction is straightforward, albeit large-scale and costly,” he commented via email.

Jonathan Rosser, a researcher at the London School of Economics, finds the study intriguing. However, he emphasizes that due to the AMOC’s complexities, we cannot fully predict the outcomes of such interventions. “These drastic measures come with significant uncertainty.”

Suhn concurs, cautioning that while dam construction may benefit Northern Europe, it could lead to adverse effects elsewhere, such as altered rainfall patterns. “Are we ready to take this seriously? I don’t think we’re there yet,” he concluded.

This isn’t the first consideration of constructing gigantic ocean dams to address climate change. In 2020, Sjoerd Groeskamp from the Royal Netherlands Marine Institute proposed the “Northern European Enclosure Dam,” designed to create barriers around the sea between the UK and mainland Europe, protecting low-lying areas from rising seas.

Such dams would undoubtedly impact not only the climate but also marine mammal migration, tidal patterns, and transport access to isolated regions. Mr. Soons noted that he has explored ideas like constructing partial barriers or lowering them to a depth of approximately 10 meters. These concepts are “interesting,” he said, though he has yet to thoroughly analyze their feasibility.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unexpected Ways Hi-Fi Technology is Built for the Future

Posted on May 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The evolution of hi-fi systems began in the 1950s, featuring separate components like turntables and amplifiers that enabled precise control over sound reproduction. The 1970s marked the golden age of analog, establishing standards for audio excellence that enthusiasts continue to seek.

In the past 50 years, music technology and listening habits have undergone significant transformations. Hi-Fi engineers face the challenge of meeting rising expectations amid technological advancements. The advent of streaming has notably disrupted the landscape, raising the question: Does streaming sacrifice quality, or can it offer the richness of analog alongside the convenience of digital music?

Explore how Hi-Fi engineering is adapting to this new musical era.

What does the future hold for hi-fi?

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2025/10/Compress-1.mp4

For hi-fi to thrive in the future of music, it must evolve. Modern users demand convenience, high-quality sound, and smart features. “Listening to music has become effortless for younger generations, but crafting a listening experience that highlights the music we think we should hear has never been more challenging,” says Naim Audio, a leader in high-end audio. “That’s our mission.”

Hi-Fi manufacturers are stepping up to meet these modern demands. Let’s delve into the features you can expect.

Wireless Technology

Gone are the days of tangled wires behind your hi-fi system. Modern wireless setups offer aesthetic appeal and convenience. While earlier wireless options suffered from latency issues, today’s innovations strive for minimal delays and seamless playback.

Naim Audio excels in timing and low-noise design, partnering with French audio specialist Focal to create the Focal Diva Utopia active loudspeaker. This collaboration combines cutting-edge Naim electronics with Focal’s acoustic prowess, delivering convenience without sacrificing quality.

Exceptional Sound Quality

Recent advancements in digital signal processing (DSP) and audio compression have led to clearer, more immersive sound. While some analog purists criticize digital sound as overly “clinical,” the latest Hi-Fi tech enables listeners to experience the clarity of digital with the warmth of analog. Naim Audio engineers carefully fine-tune DSP filters to maintain the emotional depth and texture of music, preserving the critical PRaT (pace, rhythm, and timing) that makes music resonate.

Smart Features

Naim Audio’s premium systems seamlessly integrate into your home with built-in software, allowing music to flow effortlessly from room to room. Compatible with the Focal and Naim apps or voice assistants like Google Assistant and Siri, these systems adapt to modern lifestyles. Moreover, Naim and Focal systems support over-the-air firmware updates, enabling users to enjoy new features without needing to replace hardware.

Looking ahead, there’s immense potential for AI-driven systems that can automatically calibrate sound to suit room acoustics or individual listening preferences.

In Service of Sound

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Founded in 1973, Naim Audio operates under the motto: “Hear it the way the artist intended.” This philosophy drives all innovations in Hi-Fi design, technology, and engineering. Both Naim and Focal product lines are crafted from premium materials and deliver outstanding audio performance.

The newly launched Diva Utopia speaker, a collaboration between Focal and Naim, exemplifies excellence and innovation. Click below to discover more about the Diva Utopia and other pioneering products from Focal.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Paleontologists Uncover Archeopteryx Ecology: Insights into the Mysterious Survival of the First Bird

Posted on May 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A detailed review by paleontologists at the Field Museum of Natural History consolidates the latest fossil evidence of Archeopteryx, including the examination of five newly described specimens. The research highlights what the authors believe to be the most well-preserved specimen to date, offering an unparalleled insight into the ecology, behavior, and daily life of this iconic feathered dinosaur. Contrary to earlier assumptions, researchers assert that Archeopteryx was neither a solely terrestrial hunter nor a fully modern flier, but rather an ecological generalist capable of scrambling, perching, gliding, and flapping throughout coastal forests and tidal flats approximately 150 million years ago.

Reconstruction of Archeopteryx showcasing diverse locomotion modes in its habitat: (A) Flapping to a high perch; (B) Perched; (C) Gliding from heights; (D) Scansorial movements. Image credit: Field Museum / NICE PaleoVisLab Studio / Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology.

Around 150 million years ago, during the Jurassic period, a small creature navigated the scrublands of what is now southern Germany. This remarkable animal had teeth reminiscent of reptiles, the claws of a predator, and feathered wings indicative of a newfound ability to leave the ground.

Paleontologists have spent over a century debating the capabilities of Archeopteryx. According to paleontologists Jingmai O’Connor and Alexander Clark from the Field Museum, “Archeopteryx from the 150-million-year-old Solnhofen-Prattenkalk deposit is known as the oldest bird to exhibit feathered wings for voluntary locomotion, marking it as the oldest known dinosaur.”

The researchers highlight that while the slightly younger Baminornis (dated between 149 and 148 million years ago) has a more advanced pectoral girdle, Archeopteryx remains vitally important for understanding the evolutionary transition from terrestrial life.

In their comprehensive paper, the researchers synthesized existing knowledge and assembled fossils of Archeopteryx, including the five newly analyzed specimens, to reconstruct its life.

“The description of five new Archeopteryx specimens represents a significant advancement in our understanding of this taxon,” they state, noting that four of these specimens are either complete or nearly complete (including exceptional finds from Chicago and Thermopolis).

The Chicago specimen, in particular, has been meticulously prepared for scientific analysis, preserving novel soft tissues that provide crucial insights.

The new analysis posits that limited powered flight was plausible for Archeopteryx. Its primary plumage displays asymmetry similar to that found in today’s birds, a trait absent in their flightless relatives.

Unlike modern pigeons that take off vertically, Archeopteryx might have launched from high perches, navigating headwinds, or ascending slopes while flapping its wings.

“As the oldest known bird, critical questions persist about the feasibility of flight in Archeopteryx,” the researchers note. “The evidence suggests some capacity for powered flight alongside gliding when energetically beneficial, akin to many modern birds.”

An overview of Archeopteryx‘s possible food web illustrating an omnivorous diet throughout various life stages, including its significance as prey for other organisms. Image credit: Field Museum / NICE PaleoVisLab Studio / Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology / Samantha Clark.

One of the notable discoveries relates to Archeopteryx‘s first digit, or big toe. While the hallux of non-flying theropod dinosaurs typically faces forward and is designed for little grasping, in Archeopteryx, it is inverted, facing backward, suggesting an adaptation for gripping branches or rocks.

Although fossilized stomach contents remain undiscovered, the skull and mouth structure reveal intriguing clues about feeding adaptations that resemble those of modern birds. These adaptations include evidence of a primitive beak-like organ and a mobile tongue capable of manipulating food, suggesting that Archeopteryx targeted small, energy-dense foods such as insects and seeds to support its higher energy needs associated with flight.

The warm, seasonally dry climate of the Solnhofen Islands would have favored opportunistic omnivores by offering a varied year-round food supply.

“Evidence points to a primarily warm and dry climate with heterogeneous flora,” the researchers noted. “Fossil records indicate occasional wet seasons creating temporary water bodies, influencing food availability for Archeopteryx throughout the year.”

Regarding the bird’s coloration, chemical analysis of an isolated holotype feather hinted at white and black pigmentation. Such patterns may have provided camouflage against the open, weedy landscape, confusing potential predators.

Further analysis suggests that Archeopteryx was likely diurnal and active during bright daylight. “Given its diverse locomotion behaviors, Archeopteryx likely frequented the ground, medium- to large-sized plants, and the air, interacting with various substrates,” the researchers concluded.

Throughout its life, Archeopteryx would have utilized an array of food sources from the plant and animal kingdoms, supporting a wide range of organisms, from saprophytic parasites to apex predators.

The researchers emphasize that the differences examined in ecological terms reveal how flight adaptations may have influenced both the skeletal and soft tissue anatomy of Archeopteryx.

The team’s findings were published in a paper in the Journal of Ecology on April 21, 2026.

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JK O’Connor and AD Clarke. 2026. Archeopteryx. Journal of Ecology 2, 12; doi: 10.1007/s44396-026-00026-z

Source: www.sci.news

How Doubling Their Genomes Helped Plants Survive Mass Extinctions

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Understanding Genome Duplication in Flowering Plants

Credit: David Chapman/Alamy

Genome duplication in flowering plants — Understanding Genome Duplication in Flowering Plants

Credit: David Chapman/Alamy

Recent research indicates that extra copies of genetic material may have enabled flowering plants to endure mass extinctions, including the event that led to the demise of the dinosaurs.

A pivotal discovery reveals that angiosperms—flowering plants like daisies, grasses, and fruit trees—survived major ecological upheavals throughout Earth’s history due to accidental genome duplications. While multiple genomes can typically pose an evolutionary challenge, these tumultuous periods may have provided opportunities for angiosperms to flourish, allowing them to dominate today’s plant life.

Generally, sexually reproducing species possess two sets of chromosomes—one inherited from each parent. However, many plants, especially angiosperms, exhibit a phenomenon known as polyploidy, characterized by having multiple chromosome sets due to failures in meiotic division. Some plants, such as potatoes and specific wheat varieties, can have up to four or even more sets of chromosomes.

About one-third of current angiosperms are classified as polyploid. Researchers, including Hengchi Chen from the University of Göttingen, Germany, suggest that historical instances of genome duplication are relatively infrequent, though. “Most polyploid organisms went extinct during prolonged evolutionary transitions,” Chen remarks.

Chen and his research team sought to understand why certain ancient genome duplications in angiosperms took hold while others did not. They studied the genomes of 470 angiosperm species, constructing an evolutionary tree that illustrated 132 distinct instances of genome duplication over 150 million years.

These duplications clustered around nine significant prehistoric epochs, from 108 million to 14 million years ago, often coinciding with substantial environmental shifts or geological events, including climate changes, shifts in oxygen levels, and mass extinctions like the Cretaceous asteroid impact that eliminated non-avian dinosaurs. During these unstable periods, polyploid plants experienced significant advantages.

Although polyploidy can be a hindrance—impeding growth and complicating reproduction with non-polyploid species—these times of environmental stress may have facilitated the rise of polyploid plants. Factors such as extreme weather conditions could trigger reproductive failures, fostering an increase in ploidy levels, Chen explains. Additionally, polyploid plants exhibit heightened resilience to stressors like drought and salinity, allowing their extra genes to adapt to rapidly changing environments. As competitors faltered, new opportunities arose within these evolving ecosystems.

“Originally small and often overshadowed in their populations, polyploid individuals gained access to more resources and demonstrated adaptive advantages in response to stress,” Chen details, highlighting their improved survival rates.

The adaptive flexibility and redundancy of the genomes in angiosperms, he concludes, may be key drivers behind their evolutionary success.

Meanwhile, researchers like Pamela Soltis at the Florida Museum of Natural History in Gainesville, emphasize the need for large-scale genomic analyses across a wider array of angiosperm species to refine these findings. “This study is ambitious for its scale, yet the 470 species examined reflect just a fraction of the nearly 400,000 known angiosperm species,” Soltis states, noting the rapid pace at which new genomic data is becoming available.

Source: www.newscientist.com

US Government Unveils Extensive Collection of UFO Documents: What You Need to Know

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Archive images from the Apollo 17 mission to the moon. The yellow box contains a zoomed-in area of the original photo, showing three lights above the lunar terrain.

US Department of Defense

Apollo 17 Mission Archival Image — Archive images from the Apollo 17 mission to the moon. The yellow box contains a zoomed-in area of the original photo, showing three lights above the lunar terrain.

US Department of Defense

The US Department of Defense (DoD) has unveiled a significant trove of files concerning UFOs. These files include images and previously classified government documents and communications.

“These secret files have long fueled speculation about extraterrestrial life, but now is the time for the American people to see for themselves,” stated Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth. You can view the files on the government website.

The released images, primarily captured by U.S. military personnel, depict small dots and indistinct shapes in the sky. More intriguing are the hundreds of pages of documentation related to UFOs, also referred to as unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAPs), from various government branches, including the FBI and Air Force.

Many of these documents consist of exchanges between the government and concerned citizens. They feature pamphlets from organizations such as the American Federation of Flying Saucer Clubs and requests from children directed to FBI Directors, especially J. Edgar Hoover, for help with school projects.

Letters from UFO enthusiasts, spanning decades from the 1940s to today, express a shared belief that UFO sightings are increasing and that government transparency is lacking, often leading to fears of persecution for expressing these views.

Infrared still image taken of an unidentified object over the western United States in December 2025

US Department of Defense

Response letters and internal government communications reveal that while thousands of UFO sighting reports are investigated, there is typically no evidence suggesting extraterrestrial origins. This aligns with the findings from NASA’s 2023 Task Force on UAPs, which indicated that most reports can be attributed to conventional aircraft or atmospheric phenomena, leaving a few cases unresolved due to poor image quality.

Among the most controversial files are documents related to NASA missions like Gemini 7, Apollo 12, and Apollo 17, where astronauts reported seeing bright lights in space that remain unexplained. Most of these sightings have been attributed to micrometeorite impacts or camera malfunctions; however, a few instances still lack clear explanations.

In response to these unresolved cases, the Pentagon is initiating a fresh investigation, following directives from the Trump administration to enhance transparency regarding UAP incidents. The website indicates this is only the beginning of a series of document releases expected regularly.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Accelerating Sea Level Rise: Understanding the Increasing Rates and Impacts

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ho Chi Minh City Faces Increased Flood Risk from Rising Sea Levels

Getty Images

Flooding risk in Ho Chi Minh City due to sea level rise — Ho Chi Minh City Faces Increased Flood Risk from Rising Sea Levels

Getty Images

Recent satellite measurements reveal a sudden surge in the rate of sea level rise, accelerating sharply since 2012 and remaining high ever since.

These abrupt shifts may stem from natural variability, or they could indicate the impacts of accelerating global warming, according to Lancelot Leclerc from the University of Toulouse, France.

Over the last 15 years, global warming has contributed to an average sea level rise of over 0.2 meters. This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including the melting of mountain glaciers along with the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, which are also expanding as ocean temperatures increase.

Satellite monitoring of sea levels began in the 1990s, initially indicating a consistent rise of approximately 3.6 mm annually. Yet, further analysis showed a significant shift around 2012, with the average increase accelerating from 2.9 mm/year to 4.1 mm/year.

“Though it’s not a drastic change,” notes Jonathan Bamber from the University of Bristol, UK, “we’re not talking about centimeters per year.” He emphasizes that this highlights the importance of tracking these changes over time.

Despite the modest increase, the combination of satellite data trends with tide gauge records spanning a century confirms that sea levels are rising at an accelerating rate.

The analysis indicates that this rise is attributable to multiple factors rather than a single cause. The melting of ice sheets is accelerating, freshwater retention on land is decreasing, and more water is flowing into the oceans.

The acceleration of global warming since around 2010 is largely attributed to reduced aerosol pollution from countries such as China. Aerosols have a cooling effect, and their declines have allowed the warming effects of rising carbon dioxide to become more pronounced.

This increase in sea level rise may also correlate with the reduction of aerosol emissions, as Leclerc indicated during a presentation at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) meeting in Vienna on May 5th.

“The change in trends observed around 2012 appears to be partially linked to increased anthropogenic radiative forcing due to decreased aerosol emissions,” explains team member Annie Cazenave from the University of Toulouse.

Furthermore, another study presented at the EGU gathering indicates that ocean water deeper than 2 kilometers has begun to warm and expand over the last decade, potentially contributing to this acceleration in sea levels.

Prior to 2016, all known contributors to sea level rise aligned with observed global averages. However, Yang Chunxue stated at a conference that after this period, these factors no longer accounted for the complete rise.

This discrepancy suggests an unaccounted factor, likely the deep ocean, owing to the absence of systematic measurements of temperatures below 2 kilometers. While nearly 4,000 robotic probes measure ocean temperatures at various depths, none extend that deep.

Yang and his team employed ocean models to demonstrate that warming below 2 kilometers could resolve this budget discrepancy, identifying that a significant amount of deep warming occurs in the North Atlantic off the U.S. East Coast.

“The Sea Level Budget study indicates that deep ocean warming commenced around 2016,” asserts Kazunabe, who was involved in the research. “Further studies are necessary to confirm the connection with the trend changes of the early 2010s.”

The research team’s findings suggest that deep-sea warming currently accounts for an annual rise of 0.4 mm, representing about 10% of the total sea level increase.

Topics:

Climate Change/
Sea Level Rise

Source: www.newscientist.com

Drone Crash Sparks Fire in Chernobyl Exclusion Zone: Latest Updates

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Forest Fire Erupts in Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Exclusion Zone

Associated Press/Alamy Stock Photo

<p>A significant forest fire is raging within the Chernobyl exclusion zone, triggered by drone activity in the area. Despite the severity of the blaze, officials report minimal risk of radioactive contamination beyond the immediate vicinity.</p>

<p>The Chernobyl Radiation Eco-Biosphere Reserve (CREBR) has reported on <a href="https://t.me/s/zapovidnyk">Telegram</a> that approximately 12 square kilometers of forest and a former cooling pond southeast of Chernobyl are ablaze following a drone crash. Emergency response teams, consisting of around 331 personnel and various equipment, are currently addressing the crisis.</p>

<p>Denis Vishnevsky from CREBR stated, “It’s a significant fire. The fire lines gather air with concentrated radionuclides. We assess radionuclide levels in our bodies following each shift.”</p>

<p>Vishnevsky also confirmed that radiation levels remain normal within a 5 to 10-kilometer radius of the fire, indicating little to no contamination risk outside the exclusion zone.</p>

<p>According to satellite imagery estimates from <em>New Scientist</em>, the affected area may have expanded to 24.4 square kilometers.</p>

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<p>[Olena Burdo](https://www.linkedin.com/in/olena-burdo-46a65a44/?originalSubdomain=ua) from the Nuclear Research Institute in Kyiv was near the fire's origin but was unable to access the site due to military restrictions. She reported only visible smoke but corroborated the low risk of contamination outside the area.</p>

<p>Ukraine's State Emergency Service (SES) highlighted the challenges in combating the fire, stating that <a href="https://t.me/dsns_telegram/63362">dry conditions, strong winds, and landmines</a> complicate firefighting efforts. “The fire is rapidly spreading,” they conveyed, with hopes that anticipated rain would assist the firefighters.</p>

<p>Some regions remain inaccessible due to mine presence, causing teams to temporarily withdraw while focusing operations on safer areas.</p>

<p>The Chernobyl exclusion zone frequently sees drone activity from Russian forces targeting Kyiv and other locations. Last year, a Russian drone incident caused damage to the New Safe Confinement Shelter that protects the site of the catastrophic 1986 disaster, risking exposure to radioactive materials.</p>

<p>Videos from that incident captured flames and smoke ejecting from the shelter's structural damage. Fortunately, the damage occurred far from the reactor and sarcophagus, minimizing the risk of a collapse that could release hazardous radiation.</p>

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    <p class="ArticleTopics__Heading">Topics:</p>
    <ul class="ArticleTopics__List">
        <li class="ArticleTopics__ListItem">Nuclear Power Plant Accident<span>/</span></li>
        <li class="ArticleTopics__ListItem">Invasion of Ukraine</li>
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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Slow Breathing Calms Your Mind Without Mindfulness Techniques

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Harness the Power of Slow Breathing: A Natural Path to Calmness

Rahul Sapra/Alamy

It’s a well-known fact that taking slow, deep breaths can help you achieve a state of calm. However, understanding the mechanics behind it is more complex. Many believe that deep breathing calms us down due to a placebo effect, suggesting it works mainly because we expect it to rather than due to actual physiological changes in our bodies.

Recent research shared at the Embodied Mind Summit in Los Angeles on May 3rd sheds light on the phenomenon. UCLA neuroscientist Jack Feldman discovered that mice trained to slow their breathing displayed significantly less fear-related behavior in anxiety tests. As Feldman states, “This is not a placebo effect, because the mice are unaware of the calming benefits.”

This groundbreaking study extends the research initiated by Feldman in 1991, which identified the preBötzinger complex (preBötC) in the brainstem as a critical pacemaker of respiratory rate in mammals. The preBötC operates automatically, regulating breathing based on the body’s needs. In humans, this area connects with cortical regions involved in decision-making, enabling us to consciously alter our breathing patterns for activities like talking, laughing, and singing.

Unlike humans, mice lack this conscious control over their breathing. To manipulate their breathing rates, Feldman and his team employed optogenetics. This technique involves inserting light-sensitive proteins into specific neurons that can be activated via light pulses. By targeting inhibitory neurons in the preBötC, researchers slowed the mice’s breathing rates by as much as 70% with light stimulation.

How Slow Breathing Alleviates Anxiety

After four weeks of daily optogenetic stimulation, the mice not only demonstrated slower breathing during sessions but retained this slower pace even between sessions, indicating that they were trained to breathe more slowly.

Three days following the last training session, the mice underwent tests for anxiety-like behaviors. The findings revealed that the trained mice displayed a significantly lower tendency to freeze in stressful situations compared to control mice, spending more time exploring open areas while the controls remained in dark corners for safety. Feldman points out that slow breathing does not require intentionality to yield peaceful effects, indicating a fundamental aspect of how the brain operates.

According to neuroscientist Andrea Zaccaro from the University of Chieti Pescara “G. D’Annunzio” in Italy, it is crucial to distinguish the baseline relationship between breathing and emotions. However, he notes that focusing on your breathing is not futile. “While slow breathing may have inherent physiological benefits, paying attention to your breathing can enhance and contextualize those advantages,” he explains.

In conclusion, you don’t need to embrace meditation myths to experience the benefits of slow breathing. However, it may help you achieve a state of inner calm more swiftly.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Department of Defense Unveils New UFO Files: What You Need to Know

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

On Friday, the Pentagon initiated the release of “never-before-seen” files concerning unidentified anomalous phenomena (previously known as unidentified flying objects or UFOs) that have been held by the government for decades.

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These newly released files have captivated many curious Americans, sparking questions about whether we are alone in the universe.

This significant release follows President Donald Trump’s announcement at a conservative gathering, where he hinted that some “very interesting documents” would be unveiled shortly.

The initial collection of anticipated documents regarding what the government refers to as unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAPs) is now available on a dedicated government portal. You can access it here: https://www.war.gov/UFO/. More files will be added “incrementally,” according to the Department of Defense Public Affairs Office in a press release.

According to the press release, “U.S. citizens now have immediate access to the federal government’s declassified UAP files,” featuring the newest videos, images, and original documents from various government sources—all in one place without needing permissions.

Included in the new files are intriguing events from the Apollo 12 and Apollo 17 moon missions. Notably, during Apollo 12 in 1969, astronaut Alan Bean noted a “flash of light” that he described as “flying off into space.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Stunning Photos of Scientific Giants from the Former Soviet Union

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A 45-meter-tall tower housing the AZT-20 telescope at Assy Turgen Observatory, Kazakhstan

Soviet Institute of Science, Eric Lusito, FUEL Publishing, 2026

These vibrant images showcase the remnants of Soviet scientific megaprojects, built to replace religious edifices with centers of knowledge and technology.

Photographer Eric Lusito explored numerous Soviet sites for his new book, Soviet Scientific Institutes. Starting in Ukraine, he dedicated four years to traveling across the former Soviet Union, engaging with scientists and discovering locations that have been inaccessible since the Soviet era.

His initial stops were in Ukraine during late 2021, just before the onset of the Russian invasion. Memories of childhood comics like Blake and Mortimer and The Adventures of Tintin resonated with him. “These scientific locations were captivating, igniting my desire to explore further,” says Lusito. “I was enchanted by their mystical beauty and rich history.”

While many sites lay in disrepair, others remain impressively intact. For instance, the control room of Armenia’s Orgov radio-optical telescope, designed in the 1970s by Soviet scientist Paris Herony, echoes its historical significance. Lusito learned from Herony’s niece that the scientist faced substantial opposition from Moscow’s scientific hierarchy to realize his vision.

Optical control panel of the Orgov radio-optical telescope in Armenia

Eric Lusito

At the peak of operations, these institutes were bustling with scientists utilizing colorful attendance boards to record their time. For example, the vibrant history of the Institute of Radiation Physics and Electronics at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine stands as a testament to Soviet scientific ambition.

Attendance sheets from the Soviet era at the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Eric Lusito

Some researchers focused on critical practical applications, such as those at the High Voltage Hall of the former Institute of Electrotechnical Technology in Kharkiv. This hall was pivotal in generating lightning-like energy to fortify the first integrated power grid in Ukraine, featuring a mural of a hand gripping a lightning bolt.

High-voltage hall of the Electrotechnical Institute in Kharkiv, Ukraine

Eric Lusito

On the other hand, some researchers delved into fundamental science, as exemplified by the MAKET-ANI experiment at the Aragats Cosmic Ray Research Base in Armenia, which analyzes high-energy particles that settle on the snowy summit of Mount Aragats.

Experiment “MAKET-ANI” at Aragats Cosmic Ray Research Base in Armenia

Eric Lusito

Many of the scientific facilities in Ukraine that Lusito explored halted their research activities due to the ongoing war, including the Ionospheric Research Institute in Kharkiv, which features several parabolic detectors, including a significant 100-meter antenna.

100-meter parabolic antenna at the Ionospheric Research Institute in Kharkiv, Ukraine

Eric Lusito

Despite observing many abandoned sites, Lusito found that some facilities are undergoing revitalization. At Kazakhstan’s Assy Turgen Observatory, the 45-meter-high pavilion for the AZT-20 telescope (main image) was initiated in the 1980s but halted post-Soviet collapse. It was revived in the 2010s and completed in 2017, now standing as the largest telescope in Kazakhstan and a significant asset in the post-Soviet region.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New Scientist Endorses David Attenborough’s ‘Making Life on Earth’ Documentary

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

David Attenborough on set in 1979 Life on Earth: The making of the series is explored in a new BBC documentary.

BBC

The nature documentary style pioneered by David Attenborough is now iconic, but it wasn’t always this way. When Life on Earth premiered in 1979, audiences encountered a groundbreaking format unlike anything they had seen before.

Initially, Mr. Attenborough’s path as a television executive could have led him to a desk job and eventually to the role of director-general of the BBC. However, he opted for a career in natural history storytelling. He dedicated himself to sharing his passion for wildlife through the ambitious series Life on Earth.

Attenborough meticulously crafted a script for 13 episodes that narrates the entire journey of life evolution before filming began. The production took place across 100 locations worldwide, spanned several years, and required a substantial budget of £1 million for its time. Notably, primatologist Diane Master faced challenges coordinating a shoot with gorillas in Rwanda, enduring weeks of correspondence to finalize details. Preparing for that shoot took an entire year and a half. The whole venture was a significant risk, albeit one he believed would yield substantial rewards, especially as color television began to gain traction—an ideal medium to showcase the vibrancy of the natural world.

Insights into this incredible journey are revealed in a captivating new documentary celebrating Attenborough’s 100th birthday on May 8th. This behind-the-scenes film features unseen footage, excerpts from Attenborough’s diary, and interviews with the team involved in this groundbreaking project. It illuminates their challenges and triumphs while capturing stunning footage, including Attenborough’s narrow escape from a coup d’état while seeking to film a coelacanth in the wild and the young photographer tasked with documenting the unique breeding process of “Darwin’s Frog.”

David Attenborough with mountain gorillas on set of *Life on Earth*

John Sparks

Ultimately, the risks were worthwhile. Broadcast bi-weekly on BBC2, watching Life on Earth became a cultural phenomenon, leaving pubs empty as viewers rushed to their screens. By the series’ conclusion, it amassed 15 million viewers.

Creating Life on Earth: Attenborough’s Greatest Adventure presents a humorous, nostalgic, and heartfelt tribute to the man who brought the wonders of the natural world into millions of homes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discoveries of Neanderthal Knee Marks Beside Enigmatic Stalagmite Ring

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Bruniquel Cave: A Neanderthal Creation

Etienne Fabre/SSAC

Approximately 175,000 years ago, Neanderthals explored the depths of the Bruniquel Cave in France. They meticulously crushed stalagmites to create enigmatic circular structures, only for a bear to later obliterate most of the evidence of their presence, leaving some clay knee impressions that could potentially belong to a kneeling Neanderthal.

“It’s merely a hypothesis,” states Sophie Verheyden from the Belgian Royal Institute of Natural Sciences. “We require more knee impressions for comparison to validate this theory.”

The stalagmite rings, located in Bruniquel Cave near Toulouse, were discovered in the 1990s and detailed in a 2016 publication by Verheyden and her research team. While human footprints have been thoroughly investigated, ancient knee tracks remain largely unexplored. To initiate this study, Verheyden’s team plans to create knee impressions using individuals kneeling in various clay samples.

Verheyden confidently asserts the ancient nature of the cave remains, preserved beneath a thin calcium carbonate layer, the same substance that formed the stalagmites. Additionally, examination by a bear specialist confirmed the absence of bear footprints in this area.

Potentially, Neanderthal DNA could emerge as compelling evidence tied to those knee impressions. Mareike Stahlschmidt from the University of Vienna demonstrated that DNA can diffuse into calcite, a type of calcium carbonate, and remains preserved. “Bruniquel Cave is a prime candidate for this search,” Stahlschmidt acknowledges.

A forensic analysis of the knee impressions indicates the possibility of DNA from skin cells, hair, and blood, which typically deteriorates swiftly. If the impressions in the cave hardened quickly, some may have been retained.

Given that modern humans (Homo sapiens) were absent from Europe 175,000 years ago, Verheyden concludes, “Neanderthals must be responsible for the construction of the stalagmite circles.”

Exploring Neanderthal Knee Impressions in Bruniquel Cave

Sophie Verheyden

In a significant discovery this year, the research team indicated that the cave entrance collapsed at least 140,000 years ago, remaining sealed until its rediscovery by cave explorers in 1990. Researchers are confident that all artifacts discovered within are of Neanderthal origin.

Some of the fractured stalagmites were measured to be over 20 centimeters thick, indicating they couldn’t have been broken merely by passing bears. The research team successfully identified several broken stalagmite bases and established they broke during the same time frame as the stalagmite rings, utilizing radioactive isotopic analysis for dating.

“The dating strengthens our understanding, as it coincides with the construction of these intriguing structures,” Verheyden explained while presenting her findings on May 4th at the European Geosciences Union conference in Vienna.

It appears that Neanderthals invested considerable effort into breaking stalagmites to form these circles, with the largest measuring about 7 meters in diameter. This prompts speculation regarding their function, whether as shelter or for cultural or ritualistic purposes, given their location 300 meters deep in total darkness.

“When traversing 300 meters underground, it’s crucial to check your light source,” Verheyden noted. While evidence of fire suggests illumination within the circle, it’s unlikely Neanderthals inhabited this area regularly.

The circle’s placement inspires speculation regarding its potential cultural or religious significance. “It’s tempting to leap to such explanations, but as scientists, we aim for an objective inquiry,” Verheyden stated.

Her team is actively developing a method to “fingerprint” stalagmites based on their mineral composition to determine their source within the cave, offering insight into whether the materials were locally sourced or transported from distant locations.

Verheyden compares this to certain Maya practices, wherein people collect stalagmites from deep within caves to use in fertility rituals. Thus, identifying the origin of a broken stalagmite could yield crucial insights into the intentions behind its construction.

The research team is continually seeking ways to penetrate the calcium carbonate layer covering portions of the cave floor. In the era before bears inhabited the cave, numerous Neanderthal footprints may have existed, now obscured by the calcium carbonate buildup.

“We remain hopeful,” Verheyden expressed. “Every expedition into the cave uncovers new discoveries, even after a decade of exploration.”

Explore: Archaeology, Human Origins, and Paleontology

New Scientist frequently features remarkable archaeological sites that have transformed our understanding of species and the dawn of civilization. Why not explore these findings yourself?

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Exploring the Works of an Imaginary Mathematician: Discovering New Insights in Mathematics

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A clandestine society of mathematicians has been operating under pseudonyms for nearly a century

Shutterstock/Stephen Ray Chapman

One of the most influential figures in modern mathematics, Nicolas Bourbaki, has reportedly been researching for almost a century, producing numerous books and publications that guide the entire field. Interestingly, Bourbaki is a pseudonymous figure who does not exist as an actual individual.

Bourbaki represents a secretive collective of mathematicians, initially formed in France in 1934. Their primary objective was to modernize mathematics textbooks, transforming them to meet contemporary reader needs. However, this endeavor culminated in the creation of an innovative approach to mathematical writing, impacting the field for decades.

The group initially anticipated that their study would comprise about 1,000 pages and be completed in six months. By 1935, Bourbaki had expanded its vision to include six interconnected volumes, aiming to “provide a comprehensive foundation for modern mathematics,” as expressed in an explanatory preface. While they were correct about the length, they were notably mistaken regarding the timeline.

Though these volumes (which eventually comprised several physical books) were intended to be read sequentially, Bourbaki’s first published text in 1939 turned out to be the concluding chapter of the first book on set theory. The group later published different sections intermittently before returning to finish set theory in 1954, finally completing the entire project in 1970. Collectively labeled as elements of mathematics, this singular title underscores the cohesion of the mathematicians’ work. The completion of this monumental collection extended into the 1980s, reaching nearly 4,000 pages. Even after that, Bourbaki continued to release new works as the original scope broadened.

This unorthodox publishing approach stemmed from Bourbaki’s distinctive methodology. The original group comprised six young mathematics professors, including Andre Weil, a prominent figure in number theory and algebraic geometry. Most members were former students of the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, and the group’s name emerged from a prank revolving around the notoriously obscure Bourbaki theorem.

This playful spirit fostered a strong sense of camaraderie. Meetings were lively, often involving shouting matches and humorous banter. One member crafted the proposed text and presented it line by line for critique and discussion, leading to a revised draft before reaching consensus. Given that chapters took an average of ten years to produce, the protracted timeline is understandable. This mathematical endeavor spanned generations, as Bourbaki members were required to retire at 50, making way for new recruits.

Eternal Challenges in Mathematics

Founding members of the Bourbaki Group gathered in France in 1935

Charmet/Bridgeman Image Archive

So, what was Bourbaki’s actual contribution? Despite its unorthodox methods, the group’s work was notably serious and thoroughly detailed. The cornerstone of their research, set theory, aimed to tackle the perennial challenge in mathematics: the idea that mathematical objects are fundamentally independent of human language and symbols.

To illustrate this, consider the word “addition” or the symbol “+”. These terms have an arbitrary connection to the underlying mathematical concepts. As long as there’s an agreement on the meaning of “addition,” any string of symbols could be utilized to indicate it. Conversely, addition has a definitive relationship with subtraction; one operation is the inverse of the other, independent of their nomenclature.

In practical terms, labeling mathematical concepts does not present a significant challenge, as mathematicians adhere to standardized mappings between ideas and symbols. However, in principle, contradictions and inconsistencies may emerge.

Bourbaki was not the inaugural attempt at formalization (as mentioned in my previous writings), but his approach was perhaps the most meticulous. For instance, he took care to define the number 1 in a footnote on page 158 of set theory. Bourbaki clarified that “the symbol ‘1’ should not be confused with the common language interpretation ‘one'”; instead, it should be understood through a rigorous definition:

τZ ((∃u)(∃U)(u = (U, {∅}, Z) and U ⊂ {∅} × Z and (∀x)((x ∈ {∅}) ⇒ (∃y)((x, y) ∈ U)) and (∀x)(∀y)(∀y’)(((x, y) ∈ U and (x, y’) ∈ U) ⇒ (y = y’)) and (∀y)((y ∈ Z) ⇒ (∃x)((x, y) ∈ U))))

Don’t worry if this seems daunting; a simplified explanation is that ∅ represents a set devoid of elements, referred to as the “empty set.” Consequently, 1 is defined as {∅}, indicating a set containing only one item (which, in this case, is the empty set). More details on this concept can be found in a previous column.

Astonishingly, embedded within this sea of symbols is a broader and more complex formal definition. Each symbol is elaborately defined based on earlier texts using only designated symbols. Bourbaki never elaborated these entirely; the footnote mentions that completing this definition would require tens of thousands of symbols — an estimation soon revealed to be vastly understated. Later mathematicians calculated that articulating the full formula for the number 1 would necessitate over 4.5 billion symbols, or more precisely, 2,409,875,496,393,137,472,149,767,527,877,436,912,979,508,338,752,092,897 symbols, depending on your definition of precision.

Clearly, mathematicians would need to occasionally abandon such stringent formalism if they wished to accomplish their objectives. Bourbaki acknowledges this necessity, while maintaining that utilizing shorthand terms like “1” is an “abuse of language.” By establishing foundational rules, Bourbaki granted mathematicians the flexibility to deviate as needed.

Emerging Mathematical Challenges

So, what achievements stemmed from all this labor? One significant outcome was Bourbaki’s aspiration to unite mathematics as a cohesive discipline. In theory, if terms and concepts from various mathematical domains could be expressed using a common set of symbols, it would yield a rigorous framework for transitions between fields. Although few actually practice this, it positions mathematics on a more solid philosophical foundation.

In the decades that followed, Bourbaki’s influence has proven unexpectedly significant, particularly as mathematicians increasingly explore computer-assisted formalization to verify proofs generated by artificial intelligence. The collective also introduced numerous concepts and symbols, many of which remain integral to contemporary mathematics (for instance, ∅ representing the empty set). On a broader scale, the Bourbakian writing style continues to shape modern mathematical textbooks.

However, Bourbaki was not without critique. Following the publication of elements of mathematics, some mathematicians expressed discontent with the group’s claims of excessive rigor. Oddly enough, Bourbaki inadvertently incited a misguided initiative to reform mathematics education in schools. Emerging in France during the late 1950s, this movement, dubbed New Mathematics, sought to replace traditional educational methods with rigorous set-theoretic approaches based on Bourbaki’s teachings. The intention was to grasp the general principle of multiplication rather than memorizing specific multipliers, such as 3 × 4 = 12.

The “New Math” movement faced extensive criticism and was largely deemed a failure. Parents and teachers alike struggled to understand the curriculum. Bestselling critiques like Why Can’t Johnny Add? emerged, and by the late 1970s, the initiative had largely dissipated. Additionally, this decade brought challenges for Bourbaki, including legal disputes with publishers over copyright and royalties.

Despite these hurdles, Bourbaki remains relevant today. New chapters will be released this year alone. However, the identity of the author remains a well-guarded secret. This anonymity allows mathematicians to regard Bourbaki as a quirky, eccentric relative: appreciated for essential contributions, yet sparing themselves from the discomfort of personal association.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover How Simple Dietary Changes Can Lower Blood Pressure Risk by 30%

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research indicates that beans are not only tasty but also beneficial for heart health, according to a comprehensive study conducted in England and Norway.

Researchers discovered that a higher consumption of legumes—including beans, peas, lentils—and soy foods like tofu, edamame, and miso is linked to a decreased risk of high blood pressure.

High blood pressure, often referred to as hypertension, impacts approximately 1.4 billion adults worldwide. If not treated, it can lead to severe health issues, such as heart attacks, heart failure, and strokes, particularly in individuals aged 30 to 79.

Notably, the research suggests that consuming just 170 grams (6 oz) of beans or about 70 grams (2.5 oz) of soy daily could significantly mitigate the risk of developing hypertension.

“These findings are crucial, as elevated blood pressure is a significant risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases,” stated the lead author, Dr. Dagfin Ohne, a researcher at Imperial College London and an associate professor at the University of Oslo. BBC Science Focus.

“Focusing on plant-based proteins like legumes and soy offers a cost-effective and sustainable approach to lowering hypertension risk and the related diseases,” he added.

The research team analyzed data from 300,000 adults across 12 distinct studies to investigate the correlation between high blood pressure and legume or soy intake.

Among the included studies, five were from the United States, while others came from China, Iran, South Korea, Japan, France, and the United Kingdom, featuring participant sizes ranging from 1,000 to 90,000 individuals.

In this study, participants were categorized based on their legume and soybean consumption, and their risk of high blood pressure was assessed.

The findings revealed that higher intakes of soy and legumes correlated with a reduced risk of hypertension, with optimal consumption levels being 170g of legumes and 60-80g of soy daily. Individuals adhering to these intake levels were about 30% less likely to develop hypertension compared to those with no beans or soy in their diet.

Additionally, those in the high-intake group showed a 16% lower risk of hypertension for legumes and a 19% reduction for soybeans, compared to low-intake participants.

Legumes include beans, chickpeas, peas, and lentils, while soy products encompass tofu, soy milk, edamame, tempeh, and miso – Credit: Getty

“We hope to encourage individuals to include more legumes and soy in their diets,” Ohne expressed.

While the study is based on observational data, the correlation so compellingly suggests a causal relationship. Previous research indicates that legumes and soybeans contain heart-healthy nutrients such as potassium, magnesium, fiber, and isoflavones (antioxidants), which may collectively protect blood vessels.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

New Study Unveils Comprehensive Map of Odor Receptors in Mouse Noses

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Groundbreaking research into the odor-sensing neurons of mice reveals intricate stripes within the nasal structure, challenging longstanding beliefs about the wiring of the sense of smell.

Cross-sectional view of a rat’s nose. Image credit: Datta Lab, Harvard Medical School.

“The sense of smell is vital for our daily experiences,” says Sandeep (Robert) Dutta, a Harvard Medical School professor.

“It informs us about our environment, alerts us to danger, enhances taste, and triggers emotions and memories.”

“However, from a scientific standpoint, the mechanics of smell remain shrouded in mystery.”

In a pioneering study utilizing mice, Dutta and his team found that the neurons responsible for odor receptors exhibit remarkable spatial organization, forming horizontal stripes that extend from the top to the bottom of the nose based on receptor type.

Their findings indicate that the receptor map in the nose is mirrored by an odor map in the brain’s olfactory bulb, shedding light on how scent information is transmitted from the nose to the brain.

“While the discovery of the odor map is groundbreaking, it also lays essential groundwork for developing treatments for olfactory loss, which currently lack effective solutions,” Professor Dutta explains.

“Understanding the fundamental workings of smell is crucial for any modifications to this sense.”

Maps detailing the organization of receptors in the eyes, ears, and skin have been established for a long time, showing how these correspond to maps in the brain.

“The sense of smell, however, has remained a largely unexplored territory,” he notes.

In their comprehensive study, researchers employed advanced techniques like single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to analyze approximately 5.5 million neurons across over 300 individual mice.

The first technique helped identify the odor receptors expressed by neurons in the nose, while the second enabled localization of these receptors.

“This is likely the most extensively sequenced neural tissue to date, but we required this extensive data to understand the system,” Professor Dutta elaborates.

The team discovered that neurons are structured into dense, overlapping horizontal stripes from the top to the base of the nose, aligned by the type of olfactory receptors expressed.

This well-organized receptor map was consistently observed across different mice, mirroring the olfactory maps in the brain akin to those noted in visual, auditory, and tactile systems.

The researchers further examined how the nose’s odor map is formed, identifying retinoic acid—a molecule crucial for regulating gene activity—as a key player.

The findings revealed that a gradient of retinoic acid in the nose directs each neuron to express the appropriate type of odor receptor based on its spatial positioning.

Altering retinoic acid levels effectively shifts the receptor map vertically.

“We’ve demonstrated that during development, it’s feasible to organize over a thousand distinct odorant receptors into a remarkably precise map that is consistent across various species,” Professor Dutta points out.

A comprehensive paper detailing these findings has been published in Cell.

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David H. Brann et al. Spatial codes control olfactory receptor selection and coordinate sensory maps in the nose and brain. Cell, published online April 28, 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2026.03.051

Source: www.sci.news

How Garlic Compounds Could Help Slow Muscle Aging

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers in Japan have discovered that S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine, a potent molecule present in aged garlic extract, enhances strength and diminishes frailty in elderly mice by activating a novel signaling pathway.

Suzuki et al. report that S1PC, a bioactive compound derived from aged garlic extract, enhances muscle function in older mice and may present a low-cost strategy to combat frailty in seniors. Image credit: Suzuki et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2026.04.006.

Historically, garlic (Allium sativum) has been utilized globally to address various health issues.

In ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, China, and India, garlic was regarded as a universal remedy to enhance vitality, boost stamina, and ward off infections.

A substantial body of scientific evidence supports the notion that both garlic and aged garlic extract (AGE) offer significant health advantages.

Among the many bioactive compounds found in garlic are allicin and S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), with S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine (S1PC) standing out in AGE.

S1PC, a sulfur-containing amino acid abundantly present in AGEs, has garnered attention for its diverse pharmacological benefits, including promoting mitochondrial energy metabolism, improving atherosclerosis, and protecting vascular endothelial cells.

“As a physical therapist, I often witnessed older adults losing functionality and vitality simply due to the absence of specific diseases that required treatment. This gap in proactive care spurred my research,” stated Kiyoshi Yoshioka, Ph.D., research fellow at the Institute for Productive Aging and the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology.

“We hope our findings assist older adults in enhancing their fitness and strength by simply integrating nutritional supplements into their diets.”

In their research, Dr. Yoshioka and his team revealed that S1PC activates the liver kinase B1 (LKB1) enzyme, vital for regulating cellular metabolism.

Notably, S1PC encourages the formation of a protein complex that involves LKB1, which then activates the SIRT1 pathway, facilitating the release of extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT) from adipose tissue.

The enzyme eNAMPT is crucial for synthesizing NAD+, an essential molecule that plays a role in cell protection, DNA repair, and energy production.

Rather than acting directly on muscle, eNAMPT from extracellular vesicles (eNAMPT-EVs) travels through the bloodstream to influence the hypothalamus, a key regulatory center in the brain.

This interaction enhances sympathetic signaling, thereby improving muscle function.

The findings illuminate a new communication channel connecting adipose tissue, the brain, and skeletal muscle, offering fresh insights into managing age-related functional decline.

The functional benefits of S1PC were rigorously evaluated in aged mice.

Long-term administration of S1PC yielded significant reductions in frailty scores, increased skeletal muscle strength, and restored core body temperature.

Notably, human studies indicate that S1PC boosts circulating eNAMPT levels, particularly in individuals with adequate adipose tissue.

The discovery that S1PC’s distinct effects on eNAMPT-EV secretion are conserved across cells, mice, and humans presents compelling prospects for S1PC as a potential anti-aging intervention in humans.

“Our findings reveal a unique, previously unrecognized role of S1PC in activating LKB1 and fostering interorgan communication to enhance muscle function,” remarked Dr. Shinichiro Imai, director of the Institute for Productive Aging Research.

“We anticipate that S1PC may possess broader anti-aging effects warranting further exploration.”

These findings were published in the latest issue of Cell Metabolism.

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Junichiro Suzuki et al.. Garlic-derived metabolites activate LKB1, promote adipose eNAMPT secretion, and improve age-related muscle function through hypothalamic signaling. Cell Metabolism, published online on May 7, 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2026.04.006

Source: www.sci.news

Understanding the Hantavirus: Origins, Spread, and Prevention

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The cruise ship MV Hondius is anchored off the coast of Cape Verde.

AFP/Getty Images

MV Hondius anchored off Cape Verde — The cruise ship MV Hondius is anchored off the coast of Cape Verde.

AFP/Getty Images

Three individuals showing symptoms of hantavirus were evacuated from the cruise ship MV Hondius after an outbreak that
tragically claimed the lives of three passengers. The evacuees are set to receive medical care in the Netherlands.

The ship embarked from Ushuaia, Argentina, on April 1st, journeying across the South Atlantic with stops in Antarctica,
South Georgia, Nightingale Island, Tristan da Cunha, St. Helena, and Ascension Island.

Two fatalities occurred onboard, and a third individual died in South Africa two days post-disembarkation in St. Helena.
Additionally, a British passenger remains in intensive care in Johannesburg, South Africa.

A Swiss man who disembarked at the end of April also tested positive for hantavirus after exhibiting symptoms. The Britain’s
Health and Safety Executive noted that two asymptomatic British passengers from the ship are currently self-isolating at home.

Understanding Hantavirus

Hantaviruses belong to a category of viruses carried by rodents that can lead to severe illness in humans. Infection typically
occurs through contact with infected rodents or their excreta.

Different hantaviruses are linked to varying clinical syndromes across different global regions. In the Americas,
hantaviruses can trigger a critical respiratory condition known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS),
carrying a mortality rate of up to 50% among diagnosed cases. In Europe and Asia, they cause hemorrhagic fever with
renal syndrome (HFRS), largely impacting the kidneys and blood vessels.

Globally, estimates suggest around 10,000 to over 100,000 hantavirus infections annually, predominantly in Asia and Europe.

According to South Africa’s National Institute of Infectious Diseases, two individuals who disembarked from the ship tested
positive for Andes virus, a type of hantavirus associated with HCPS. It’s believed this virus can be transmitted between
humans through prolonged close contact.

Symptoms of Hantavirus

Initial symptoms often include fever, muscle pain, headache, and gastrointestinal issues, with some patients advancing
to develop respiratory complications. Diagnosis typically relies on specialized blood tests.

Transmission Routes of Hantavirus

The primary mode of infection is through contact with infected rodents, especially inhaling the virus from contaminated
rodent urine, feces, or saliva.

Due to this, investigations into suspected cases often concentrate on identifying potential exposure to rodent-contaminated
environments such as grocery stores, ship cabins, or storage areas. Hantaviruses are not generally considered easily
transmissible between humans, as explained by Roger Hewson
from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Infection may also arise from a rodent bite. Activities such as cleaning poorly ventilated spaces, farming, forestry
work, or sleeping in rodent-infected areas elevate the risk of exposure.

As noted by the WHO, human-to-human transmission has only been recorded in cases of Andes virus in the Americas and is
deemed rare. When transmission occurs, it typically involves prolonged close contact, particularly among family members
or intimate partners, especially in the early disease stages when the virus is more transmissible.

Current Spread of Infection: A Cause for Concern?

According to Adam Taylor,
a researcher at Lancaster University in the UK, there is no need for public alarm. “Transmission of hantaviruses usually
requires contact with animal products, rather than human-to-human spread,” he stated. “Precautions are being implemented
onboard to minimize risk, but these are just safety measures.”

Hewson emphasized that one should not hastily conclude the cruise ship setting is the source of infection. “The connection
of confirmed cases to a single ship does not inherently suggest that exposure occurred aboard. It could also have taken
place prior to embarkation, during shore excursions, or from other common environmental sources,” he remarked. “This is
why public health surveillance, laboratory confirmations, and ideally, viral sequencing are crucial.”

Article Updated on May 6, 2026

Correction made regarding the details about a Swiss man who tested positive for hantavirus.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How PCOS Can Delay Perimenopause and Enable Later-Age Pregnancy

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

MRI Scan of Polycystic Ovaries (Green)

Gusto Image/Science Photo Library

MRI scan of polycystic ovaries — MRI Scan of Polycystic Ovaries (Green)

Gusto Image/Science Photo Library

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is well-known for disrupting hormonal balance and fertility, but surprisingly, its effects often shift as women age past 40. Research suggests that as these women age, their ovaries may naturally reshape. This change can lead to more regular menstruation, a delay in perimenopause, and even better fertility prospects.

According to Tehi Piltonen, a researcher at Oulu University Hospital in Finland, “Many women with PCOS had initially believed they would need assisted reproductive technology (ART) to conceive. They were shocked to discover they could conceive naturally in their 40s. We refer to these unexpected pregnancies as ‘evening stars.’”

As part of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort Study, Piltonen and her team examined how PCOS impacts the menopausal transition by analyzing data from 1,849 women born in Finland in 1966, all of whom have regularly participated in health check-ups.

At the age of 31, 380 women met the criteria for PCOS, defined by exhibiting at least two of three characteristics: irregular periods or amenorrhea, elevated testosterone levels, and increased anti-Müllerian hormone levels, a marker produced by ovarian follicles.

Remarkably, only 3% of women with PCOS reached late menopause or menopause by age 46, in contrast to 18% of women without the condition. This delayed transition aligns with findings from a smaller study conducted in Sweden, where women with PCOS tend to experience menopause four years later on average.

Piltonen theorizes that this delayed menopausal transition is linked to women with PCOS having a greater initial reserve of eggs, thus prolonging their fertile years.

During their younger years, having an excess of eggs may pose challenges. “It causes the ovaries to become ‘crowded,’” Piltonen explains. Often, multiple eggs attempt to mature simultaneously but stall midway due to this crowding, leading to the misnomer “polycystic ovary syndrome.” This misdiagnosis arises because these poorly developed eggs manifest as dark spots on an ultrasound, resembling cysts. Consequently, ovulation becomes infrequent or non-existent, resulting in irregular menstruation and diminished chances of conception.

Additionally, the hormonal imbalances associated with PCOS can lead to weight gain, metabolic issues, acne, and excessive body hair.

However, as the natural decline of egg count occurs with age, the ovaries of women with PCOS may become less congested. This change can facilitate proper egg maturation and release. “This is why women with PCOS often enjoy more regular menstrual cycles as they age,” Piltonen states. It may also elucidate why women who previously struggled with fertility find it easier to conceive later in life.

Piltonen posits that the delayed onset of menopause due to PCOS might carry health benefits. The estrogen drop during menopause has been tied to weaker bones, thinner skin, and heightened risks of heart disease and other complications. Research indicates that women who experience menopause after age 55 tend to live two years longer on average compared to those who undergo menopause before 40.

Piltonen also mentions that PCOS may have conferred evolutionary advantages in our ancestors. When food resources were scarce and childbirth posed risks, the ability to retain extra energy by carrying weight and effectively extending the time between births could have been beneficial. “Given how common PCOS is, I believe it must have provided some form of advantage,” she concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

WHO Declares Hantavirus Outbreaks Won’t Lead to Pandemics Like COVID-19

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A medical worker is transported by ambulance following a suspected hantavirus infection case in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Peter Dejong/Associated Press/Alamy

Hantavirus Infection Alert — A medical worker is transported by ambulance following a suspected hantavirus infection case in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Peter Dejong/Associated Press/Alamy

The World Health Organization (WHO) has concluded that a hantavirus outbreak aboard the MV Hondius cruise ship is unlikely.

During a press conference, WHO scientists aimed to alleviate global concerns about potential pandemics, reassuring the public there is no immediate threat akin to a coronavirus resurgence. The committee emphasized that it would continue addressing all inquiries from journalists and highlighted the significance of staying calm given the situation onboard.

“This is not a novel coronavirus, nor is it influenza,” explained WHO’s Maria van Kerkhove. “This is neither the initiation of an epidemic nor a pandemic.”

Currently, five cases of hantavirus infection have been confirmed, with three additional suspected cases. Unfortunately, three individuals have succumbed to the virus.

Two patients hospitalized in the Netherlands and one in intensive care in South Africa are reportedly recovering, according to the WHO.

Hantaviruses, transmitted through rodents, can lead to severe health complications in humans. Infection usually occurs via contact with contaminated rodent materials such as urine, feces, or saliva.

Tests conducted on two passengers on the ship indicated the presence of the Andes virus, the only known hantavirus capable of being transmitted between humans.

This specific hantavirus can lead to hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), a severe illness with a mortality rate of up to 50%.

WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus acknowledged the possibility of additional cases emerging in the coming weeks, given the virus’s six-week incubation period.

Nevertheless, he stated that the public health risk is low, as the virus necessitates close contact for transmission. Effective contact tracing and global cooperation can curtail the spread.

All countries involved in addressing the crisis are fully cooperating, Ghebreyesus noted.

Abdirahman Mahmoud from the WHO reassured attendees, stating, “There is no need for widespread panic.” He emphasized that only those showing symptoms should be isolated, while “active surveillance” is sufficient for potentially exposed individuals.

Mahmoud compared the current situation to the Andes virus outbreak in Argentina that affected 34 individuals and resulted in 11 fatalities between November 2018 and February 2019, which began at a birthday gathering. Although significant, the outbreak did not proliferate extensively in the community.

“The main concern remains the potential for limited human-to-human transmission,” noted Luis Marcos from the Stony Brook School of Medicine in New York in an interview with New Scientist. “However, such transmission appears inefficient and can typically be controlled through standard public health measures.”

“In summary, the risk of widespread infection remains minimal, and the current level of concern may be excessive,” he assessed.

Marcos projected that around 10 to 15 passengers on the cruise could contract the virus, asserting that the current quarantine measures onboard are adequate and “there is no risk of a pandemic.”

Luis Escobar from Virginia Tech emphasized the necessity of taking the hantavirus threat seriously. “We acknowledge that hantaviruses possess the potential for a pandemic, especially those causing respiratory syndromes,” he asserted.

Escobar and his research team published findings in 2025 indicating a broader range of hosts for the virus than previously recognized. They analyzed over 14,000 blood samples for 49 hantavirus species, identifying new rodent species as hosts and noting specific hotspots in Colorado, Virginia, and Texas for the virus.

Despite the current outbreak, Escobar believes public health measures will mitigate the chances of a larger pandemic event.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Must-Read This Week: ‘Beyond Belief’ by Helen Pearson – A Captivating Journey

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Vaccination efforts may stumble, but not for lack of evidence

Ezra Akayan/Getty Images

Beyond Belief
by Helen Pearson
Princeton University Press

While reading a nonfiction book, I often think, “This could be an essay.” It’s frustrating when a compelling argument is stretched to 100,000 words with filler anecdotes, unnecessary repetition, and irrelevant topics. We’ve all encountered such works.

However, Beyond Belief: How Evidence Shows What Actually Works is a refreshing exception. I found myself wishing it were longer. This insightful book delves into the seemingly dry subject of evidence-based policy, focusing on how experiments and trials apply across various fields such as international development, policing, and management. Despite the usual dense discussions of systematic reviews, Pearson crafted a highly readable and engaging narrative that I devoured in one weekend.

Author Helen Pearson serves as a journalist and senior editor for the magazine Nature. Having collaborated on some of my work and shared a pint in London’s pubs, I know her well.

Pearson introduces the concept of the “evidence revolution,” advocating for decision-making grounded in research rather than blind adherence to self-appointed experts or conventional wisdom. She begins with the medical field, where randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are employed to test new treatments scientifically.

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Pearson shares tales of misery, including unsuccessful ‘bat bridges’ over British roads.
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In 1747, naval surgeon James Lind carried out pivotal early clinical trials aboard the warship Salisbury to combat the issue of sailors contracting scurvy. This debilitating condition results in swollen limbs, rotting gums, and eventual death. Lind’s experiment involved recruiting 12 men, grouping them, and providing different nutritional supplements. Those receiving citrus fruits like oranges and lemons recovered quickly. Although vitamin C wasn’t identified until the 20th century, its efficacy was evident, leading to its inclusion in sailors’ diets and a marked decrease in scurvy cases.

This episode of medical history showcases how far we’ve come. However, I was surprised to learn that the phrase “evidence-based medicine” is merely 35 years old. For much of the previous century, many medical decisions relied on the judgments of senior doctors, even though comparative trials had been conducted.

Pearson recounts the journey of Ian Chalmers, a 1970s doctor baffled by the inconsistent advice given by two different doctors for the same condition. Working alongside colleagues like Archie Cochrane, he endeavored to refine medical practice by generating systematic reviews and meta-analyses. By examining the published evidence across many scientific journals, they sought to determine what was reliable and what was not, culminating in the establishment of Cochrane Collaboration, which conducts systematic reviews on a myriad of topics.

While few rational individuals oppose the use of controlled trials and systematic reviews, Pearson shares horror stories of lavishly funded yet ineffective projects, such as ‘bat bridges’ that bats never utilized.

As the evidence revolution expands beyond medicine into social policy—concerning welfare payments, international development, policing, education, and conservation—it faces more complexity. Social policies involve human behavior, affected by free will and biases, making them harder to assess accurately. Pearson notes that interventions may work in one community but not in others due to significant differences.

I support the use of systematic reviews for such policies, but I wonder if Pearson and her interviewees are overestimating the benefits.

Numerous evidence-based policies have faltered, not due to the scientific validity of their approach but because core political challenges were overlooked. For instance, efforts like wolf reintroduction and child vaccination often fail not for lack of scientific backing but due to public distrust in authorities.

While Pearson highlights examples of evidence-based conservation practitioners collaborating with indigenous populations who possess invaluable insights, she tends to view sociopolitical barriers as minor obstacles rather than central issues. My experience with education reveals that failures stem not from a lack of evidence but from systemic challenges like overworked teachers and lack of engagement with current research.

The book Beyond Belief presents an intriguing exploration of attempts to personalize scientific methodologies within the intricate realm of human life, capturing both triumphs and setbacks. It would benefit from more depth on practical and sociopolitical barriers to evidence-driven decision-making—perhaps that could be the focus of her next work.

Michael Marshall is a science writer based in Devon, UK.

3 More Great Books on Evidence Tracking

Bad Science
by Ben Goldacre

In this enlightening narrative, doctor, author, and broadcaster Ben Goldacre uncovers how the media often propagates misinformation as truth while even simple checks can reveal the actual facts.

The Whole Golem: What You Need to Know About Technology
by Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch

This book examines the challenges faced by the scientific method in wrestling with the complexities and uncertainties inherent in real-world phenomena.

The Failure of Our Government
by Anthony King and Ivor Crewe

This engrossing and often humorous account of governmental blunders highlights why British politics can be so mismanaged. The lack of evidence is just one of many systemic issues.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Groundbreaking Discovery: Giant Squid DNA Uncovered in Deep Canyon Off Australia’s Coast

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Utilizing environmental DNA (eDNA) from depths exceeding 4 km off the coast of Western Australia’s Ningaloo, researchers have identified an astounding 226 species spanning 11 major animal groups. This includes remarkable finds like the giant squid, which hasn’t been previously documented in the region, as well as species believed to be new to science.

When a giant squid, measuring 10 to 12 feet long, approaches Medusa’s e-jelly lure, it realizes the e-jelly is not bait and retreats. Image credit: Edie Widder and Nathan Robinson.

“Our findings underscore the vast unknowns within Australia’s deep sea ecosystems,” stated Dr. Georgia Nester, the lead researcher from Curtin University, now enrolled at the University of Western Australia.

Dr. Nester and her team from the Schmidt Ocean Institute’s R/V Falco conducted a survey of the Cape Ranges and Croats submarine canyon, roughly 1,200 km north of Perth, collecting over 1,000 samples from depths as deep as 4,510 m.

Employing eDNA techniques, they documented the species inhabiting these deep-sea environments without direct observation or capture.

Among their significant discoveries was evidence of the giant squid (Architeuthis dux), detected across six separate samples from both the Cape Mountains and Cloetes Valley, alongside pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps) and beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris).

“Only two previous records of giant squid exist in Western Australia, with no sightings for over 25 years,” noted Dr. Lisa Kirkendale from the Western Australian Museum.

“This marks the first detection of a giant squid using the eDNA protocol along the coast of Western Australia and represents the northernmost record of Architeuthis dux in the eastern Indian Ocean.”

Overall, researchers recorded a total of 226 species from 11 major animal groups, which included rare deep-sea fish, cnidarians, echinoderms, squid, marine mammals, and many more.

They also identified numerous species in Western Australian waters, such as the sleeper shark, previously unrecorded, as well as the faceless cask eel (Typhronus) and thin snaggletooth (Ladinastes demus).

“While the discovery of giant squid captivates public imagination, it’s part of a broader ecological puzzle,” explained Dr. Nester.

“We found numerous species that don’t align with existing records, indicating a significant scope of deep-sea biodiversity that remains to be uncovered.”

Curtin University researcher Dr. Zoe Richards noted, “eDNA has the potential to revolutionize how scientists explore and conserve deep-sea environments.”

“These ecosystems are vast, remote, and costly to study, yet they confront increasing threats from climate change, fishing, and resource extraction.”

“eDNA offers a scalable, non-invasive method to gain essential insights into the organisms residing there, crucial for informed conservation efforts.”

“You can’t protect what you don’t know exists. The sheer volume of discoveries, including megafauna, emphasizes that we have much to learn about marine life in the Indian Ocean.”

The team’s findings are published in the journal Environmental DNA.

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Georgia M. Nester et al. 2026. Environmental DNA reveals diverse and expanding biodiversity in underwater canyons in the eastern Indian Ocean. Environmental DNA 8 (2): e70261; doi: 10.1002/edn3.70261

Source: www.sci.news

Discover Coffee’s Mood-Enhancing Benefits Beyond Caffeine

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Coffee’s Influence on Mood and Microbiome

Artem Varnitsyn / Alamy

Coffee and Mood — Coffee’s Influence on Mood and Microbiome

Artem Varnitsyn / Alamy

Both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee have been shown to enhance mood and cognitive performance, potentially through their beneficial effects on the gut microbiome.

Research indicates that coffee significantly impacts digestion, cognition, and mood by interacting with gut bacteria. While much of the existing literature emphasizes caffeine’s role, coffee is also abundant in polyphenols—plant compounds that gut bacteria transform into bioactive molecules associated with anti-inflammatory properties and cognitive enhancement.

To better understand these interactions, John Cryan and his team at University College Cork recruited 62 healthy volunteers. Half were regular coffee consumers, while the others abstained from coffee. Participants underwent a 14-day caffeine withdrawal followed by a 21-day reintroduction period, during which they consumed either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee.

Researchers collected blood, saliva, urine, and stool samples to analyze physiological reactions to coffee compounds, alongside assessments of mood, cognition, stress, sleep, and behavior.

Results showed that caffeinated coffee drinkers reported lower anxiety levels and enhanced alertness, whereas decaf drinkers exhibited improved memory performance and sleep quality. Both coffee types correlated with decreased stress and depression levels.

Upon removing and reintroducing coffee, participants’ microbiomes underwent rapid changes, with both regular and decaf coffee leading to higher levels of beneficial gut bacteria. “We were taken aback by the system’s dynamic nature,” stated Cryan.

This study indicates that the cognitive benefits of coffee may be driven more by polyphenols than by caffeine, as improvements in cognitive scores were linked to specific polyphenol-derived metabolites found in urine samples.

According to team member Daniel Del Rio from the University of Parma, a critical next step is understanding how different coffee types impact the microbiome. “Not all coffee is created equal; even roasting levels significantly affect its chemical makeup.”

Nicola Segata, a researcher at Italy’s University of Trento, emphasizes the importance of this study but also warns against overstating the findings. “The study’s modest sample size may restrict the generalizability of its results,” he notes.

“This research offers valuable insights into how coffee consumption influences microbiome composition, suggesting that the human gut may adapt quickly to various diets and environments without genetic alteration,” adds Telmo Pievani from the University of Padua.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

As Africa Splits: Rapid Magma Rise Unveiled – Sciworthy Insights

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The African continent is geologically significant, divided into tectonic plates at the heart of Ethiopia. Recent advancements in geophysics have shed light on the mechanisms of tectonic plate separation. Research has revealed that the continents started to fragment due to cracks and misalignments in the crust and upper mantle, known as the lithosphere. As magma ascends through these fissures, it reaches the Earth’s surface, leading to volcanic formations. While scientists understand the association between volcanoes and continental rifts, the rate of their formation remains unclear, complicating volcanic hazard assessments in rift zones.

A research team, led by Kevin Wong, aimed to resolve this question by analyzing the minerals formed during magma cooling, specifically olivine. They examined 72 olivine crystals, each measuring between 1 and 4 millimeters (0.04 to 0.16 inches), sourced from the Bok and Jiwei volcanoes located within Africa’s Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). Their findings indicate that the lithosphere in this area maintains a thickness of approximately 35-40 kilometers (21-25 miles). This substantial lithosphere hints at the MER’s position as an intermediate stage in continental separation, offering a unique perspective on the transition from tectonic deformation to magmatic fractures.

Wong and his team chose to analyze olivine due to its role as one of the earliest minerals to crystallize from magma, continuing to grow as the magma cools and rises. As the magma ascends, its composition alters, creating distinct chemical “zones” within the growing crystals, akin to the rings of a tree. Fluctuations in temperature and magma composition cause various elements, like magnesium and iron, to diffuse at differing rates, allowing scientists to model these chemical zones and their boundaries to determine the speed of magma ascent from the upper mantle to the surface.

The researchers utilized high-magnification imaging and chemical analysis through an electronic microprobe to study olivine crystals from the MER volcanic field. They meticulously mapped 10 to 15 points within each crystal, spaced approximately 5 to 15 microns (about 10% the thickness of a human hair) across a cross-section that spanned the growth zone from the inner core to the outer edge.

Their analysis identified two distinct categories of olivine crystals. The first displayed a normal zone crystal characterized by a magnesium-rich inner core, while the second was identified as a reverse zone crystal with a magnesium-poor core. The research indicated that freshly formed magma deep within the Earth is richer in magnesium than iron. The boundary between the magnesium-rich and magnesium-poor zones can become indistinct due to diffusion. This gradual smoothing of crystal boundaries over time operates at a known rate, allowing researchers to extract valuable information regarding the rate of magma ascent and its interaction with adjacent rock.

Employing a numerical model, the team estimated the diffusion rates of magnesium and iron across these chemical boundaries, factoring in varying temperatures and magma compositions. By comparing thousands of simulated diffusion profiles with actual olivine diffusion profiles, the researchers estimated that the crystals ascended from deep within the Earth and mixed with the surrounding magma over an average of 40 days during the Bok eruption and 17 days during the Jiwei eruption. They further cross-validated these estimates using a growth-diffusion model, which better mirrors the natural behavior of crystals, yielding an approximate rise time of 27 days while accurately replicating the observed crystal band pattern.

Based on their findings, the researchers concluded that intermediate-stage rifting events occur at surprisingly short time scales. On average, magma can ascend up to 40 kilometers (25 miles) from deep within the Earth to the surface in about one month. This timeline aligns more closely with human time frames than geological ones. They suggested that such rapid ascent is likely due to a sophisticated magmatic plumbing system embedded within the lithosphere, which develops before substantial thinning occurs. However, the researchers cautioned that these findings imply that the ascension timescale could vary significantly, impacting disaster mitigation and prediction efforts.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Top New Popular Science Book Releases for May 2026: Must-Reads & Highlights

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Google Data Editor Simon Rogers reveals what we ask Google in his latest book.

Mijansk 786/Shutterstock

This month’s most engaging popular science books showcase a diverse array of topics focused on invention, ambition, and hubris. Themes include the marvels of flight, sustainable eating practices, architectural achievements, and the complex world of pharmaceuticals that often falls short. Dive into this month’s offerings, packed with entertaining, enlightening, and thought-provoking insights.

Ever wondered, “How can I stop hiccups?” or “Why is sadness so isolating?” In Ask Google: A Surprisingly Hopeful Picture of Humanity, Simon Rogers examines the poignant, shared inquiries we’ve posed to Google over the last two decades. His findings may intrigue or discomfort some, revealing the extent of our collective curiosity. Alongside his role at Google, Rogers imparts his expertise in data journalism at Medill Northwestern University and has authored several acclaimed books, including facts are sacred. His unique perspective on search behavior is both captivating and eye-opening, as noted by economist Tim Harford.

Walk: Your Life Depends on It by Courtney Conley and Milica McDowell

Many of us grapple with our daily routines, yet the trend around achieving thousands of steps can inspire change. This book explores the myriad health benefits of walking, regarded as “one of the most powerful, yet least prescribed medicines.” From preventing obesity to alleviating back pain, this enlightening discourse aligns with historical perspectives of the interconnectedness of movement and creativity.

Experience the intersection of politics and physics with The Ends of Space and Time: Particles, Poetry, and the Boogie of Cosmic Dreams by Chanda Prescod-Weinstein. Celebrated for her previous work, Turbulent Universe, this new release is praised for its lyrical exploration of cosmic concepts as articulated by influential thinkers like Ruja Benjamin and Sean Carroll. The forthcoming title promises profound insights unearthed through compelling metaphors.

The Power of Plankton by Vincent Doumeizel

Delve into the vital role of plankton with The Power of Plankton: How Plankton Made Life on Earth Possible and Why They Are Key to Our Future. As the Senior Ocean Advisor for the UN Global Compact, Doumeizel reveals treasure troves of information about these microscopic lifeforms’ crucial role in sustaining our planet and stories that resonate from scientific history.

Richard III’s remains discovered in Leicester, 2012

University of Leicester

Dr. Turi King gained fame for identifying King Richard III’s remains and sequencing Adolf Hitler’s genome. In her compelling book, The Secret of Our DNA: How Genetics Has Changed the World, she elucidates the intricate relationship between genetics and our lives, highlighting how this science offers both interconnectivity and profound ethical dilemmas. King’s insights remind us that DNA isn’t destiny, but a narrative shaped by myriad factors.

Understanding the nocebo effect is essential, as it can lead to real psychological and physical ailments. Science writer Helen Pilcher tackles this in This Book May Cause Side Effects: Why Our Minds Get Sick, exploring how negative expectations can sway health outcomes. Given the rise of social media-induced health phenomena, this investigation sparks critical conversation about psychosomatic disease.

Curious about improving medication effectiveness? How to Take Medicine: A New Approach to Medicine for Better Results and Fewer Side Effects by Nick Barber strives to enlighten readers about the complexities surrounding drug use and the significant burden of adverse reactions on the healthcare system. With Barber’s expertise as a pharmacy professor, this book promises crucial insights and practical suggestions.

Navigating healthy eating while protecting the planet is no easy task. However, Eating Well for the Planet: How to Fix a Toxic Food System – One Meal at a Time by Dave Goulson provides a roadmap for tackling this multilayered issue. Goulson combines extensive research with actionable advice, advocating for sustainable practices that can lead to substantial change.

For those captivated by the notion of flight, Simon Burns’ How to Fly: Fly with Birds, Bats, Insects, and Humans promises an exhilarating exploration of aerodynamics in nature. Discover incredible facts about various species’ flight strategies, from bees to ancient pterosaurs, making this an enchanting read for anyone fascinated by the science of soaring.

Three Gorges Dam set to release floodwaters in 2024

Cynthia Lee/Alamy

The Three Gorges Dam on China’s Yangtze River, measuring 185 meters high and 2,300 meters long, has implications that extend beyond its physical grandeur, having affected Earth’s axis. Fred Mills, in Mega Builds: 10 Mega Construction Projects That Will Change the World, offers insight into revolutionary engineering feats, promising a thrilling exploration of humanity’s architectural ambitions.

In Response: A Story of Fire and Flood in Britain’s New Extreme World, David Shukman provides a candid examination of the UK’s unpreparedness for climate change. His compelling narrative, endorsed by climate advocates, serves as a wake-up call about the urgent realities of our changing environment and the collective responsibility to act.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring Eurovision: Scientists Analyze 1,763 Songs for Nostalgia and Emotional Impact

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Feedback from New Scientist

Welcome to New Scientist, your trusted source for the latest in science and technology news. If you have feedback or items that may interest our readers, please reach out via email at feedback@newscientist.com.

Eurovision 2026: Are You Ready?

The highly anticipated 2026 Eurovision Song Contest is fast approaching, with the grand finale set for Saturday, May 16th. Whether you’re a fan or not, get ready for an entertaining spectacle!

Coinciding with this buzz, a comprehensive study published in Royal Society Open Science delves into the rich history of Eurovision. Researchers analyzed data from every contest between 1956 and 2024, totaling 1,763 songs. They categorized entries by various musical attributes, including language, themes, lyrics, and genre, utilizing AI tools for analysis. It’s hard to ignore the auditory implications of such a massive dataset!

The analysis unearthed intriguing insights, revealing that past research identified 12 major themes prevalent in popular songs, such as desire, heartbreak, and pain. However, only 11 themes are reflected in the Eurovision entries, as researchers excluded the theme ‘Jaded’ for being underrepresented.

The data also shows a significant decline in songs expressing nostalgia, while themes of pain, rebellion, despair, confusion, and escapism have become more prominent over the years. The 1970s marked a notable rise in songs depicting disorder and escapism, reflecting the societal crises of that era. However, the increase in ‘pain’ themes began not until the 2000s, post-Great Recession, suggesting a correlation.

Interestingly, songs have shifted from acoustic to electronic styles, with a growing prevalence of English lyrics over national languages. This trend indicates that Eurovision participants are deliberately aligning their entries with the winning formula established by past champions.

There are notable exceptions, as countries like France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain continue to champion their native languages, suggesting a deeper cultural rationale beyond mere competition.

The researchers conclude by emphasizing the notion of “organizational learning” among Eurovision participants, reflecting an ongoing adaptation to the competition landscape. Feedback sees this as a testament to the enduring allure of the contest.

Moss Appeal: A Niche Attraction

In a previous article, we discussed a park filled with intricate foraminiferal carvings and pondered the existence of niche science-themed attractions. This inspired reader John Wilson to share information about the Serenity Moss Garden in North Carolina.

Spanning about 900 square meters, this moss-covered mountainside offers visitors a unique experience, though John humorously described it as “more like a climate-controlled box” rather than a traditional museum.

Feedback realizes that our quest for niche appeal may have been too limited. Are there any other unique attractions, such as a museum dedicated to Plecopteran (stoneflies) or specialized exhibits featuring beach pebbles?

New Math? A Logical Dilemma

Regardless of our professional backgrounds, math can sometimes overwhelm us. Navigating concepts like converting square kilometers to square meters can be perplexing.

Recently, U.S. Secretary of Health Robert F. Kennedy Jr. faced scrutiny for claiming a 600% decrease in drug prices, an assertion deemed mathematically implausible by rival politicians.

Feedback believes RFK Jr. has been misled. A 100% drop suggests prices have plummeted to zero, a mathematical limit. In theory, this could even lead to negative pricing, but the complexities of rate changes should ideally be left to mathematicians.

In a curious twist, RFK Jr. stated, “If that drug goes from $100 to $600, that’s a 600% price increase.” This form of reasoning feels like a new, perplexing brand of logic—while the premises hold, the conclusion is unmistakably flawed.

Contribute Your Story

If you have a story or feedback, share it with us! Email your article to Feedback and include your home address. You can also find this week’s and past feedback on our website.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Breakthrough: First-Ever Measurement of Pressure from Individual Particles

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The ultra-sensitive pressure sensor features a 100-nanometer silica sphere held in place by laser light.

Thomas Penny/Yale Wright Institute

A groundbreaking device utilizing tiny beads stabilized by laser technology has made it possible to measure the pressure created by individual particles for the first time. This remarkable innovation holds potential for uncovering elusive particles that may constitute dark matter.

Pressure arises when particles collide with an object, applying force across its surface area. Traditionally, this phenomenon is viewed in averages, but during low-pressure environments, such as near-perfect vacuums, it becomes essential to monitor each particle’s contribution to accurately measure pressure.

Tseng Yuhan from Yale University and colleagues have engineered the first device capable of performing these precise measurements. At its core is a small silica sphere, measuring half the size of certain viruses, suspended in place by a laser beam through electromagnetic interactions. Each time a particle impacts the sphere, the reflected light can be captured and analyzed by researchers.

To evaluate this innovative system, the team placed the device in an ultra-high vacuum and gradually introduced three different gaseous particles. They meticulously measured the device’s movement upon particle collision, calculating pressure from these data points and comparing results to theoretical predictions, achieving impressive consistency. This indicates that the device is functioning as intended.

“Every detail is crucial for accurate measurements,” Tseng states. “We executed each step with precision, leading to beautiful results.”

Yu-Han Tseng, Thomas Penny, and Cecily Lowe work on pressure-sensing devices.

Research conducted by Clark Hardy, and his team at Yale University, suggests this innovative device could redefine ultra-high vacuum standards, a realm where traditional pressure sensors often fail. “Counting individual particle collisions is sufficient to estimate pressure in these extremely high vacuum environments,” he explains.

“Observing individual molecular collisions in real-time is a rarity,” comments Joseph Kelly from King’s College London. “Typically, their effects are only perceived in averages, similar to how fast-moving objects appear blurred in long-exposure photography.”

Animesh Dutta, a researcher at the University of Warwick, indicates that similar instrument designs could significantly advance astronomical studies, particularly in understanding the dynamics of low-pressure interstellar spaces by detecting gaseous particles that other sensors might overlook.

The research team is also focused on using this device to detect hypothetical sterile neutrinos, a potential key to resolving a longstanding anomaly in particle physics experiments, elucidating the existence of incredibly small mass particles, and possibly identifying the fundamental composition of dark matter.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Must-Read This Week: ‘The 21st Century Brain’ by Hannah Critchlow

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Technology is profoundly changing our culture. Our brains are equipped to navigate these shifts, as noted by Hannah Critchlow.

Martin Parr/Magnum Photo

Cuba. Santa Clara. 2017. — Technology is profoundly changing our culture. Our brains are equipped to navigate these shifts, as noted by Hannah Critchlow.

Martin Parr/Magnum Photo

21st Century Brain
By Hannah Critchlow
Transworld

Cambridge neuroscientist Hannah Critchlow starts her significant book with a striking assertion: “Our species is currently undergoing a major transition.” She elaborates that our increasingly digital and interconnected lives are reshaping how we evolve. As artificial intelligence becomes prevalent, we face an unprecedented environment, unlike any in our over 300,000-year existence.

Critchlow’s engaging opening evokes discussions found in works like Susan Greenfield’s Mind Change, which posits negative impacts of digital technology on our brains. While Greenfield faced critiques for being overly alarmist, Critchlow garners praise for her optimism and scientific backing. Her initial premise is supported by peer-reviewed literature, including a 2021 review in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, asserting that culture, rather than genetics, drives human evolution.

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Humans have lived in environments unlike any other during their more than 300,000 years of existence.
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Critchlow’s optimism stems from the remarkable flexibility of the human brain. She convincingly argues that we already possess the psychological attributes essential for thriving amidst such transitions, both personally and socially. We are evolving into more socially integrated entities within highly connected environments shaped by technology.

Critchlow outlines six key chapters, emphasizing the interconnectedness of the traits she explores. She presents a range of exercises aimed at fostering these abilities.

What are these ‘spiritual superpowers’? The first is emotional intelligence, crucial for successful teamwork in our increasingly interconnected world. Her insights are firmly rooted in the latest neuroscience and cognitive psychology research, citing over 100 scientists and offering an impressive bibliography.

Other superpowers include imagination, creativity, and adaptability to uncertainty while maintaining clear, accurate thought processes. The ultimate goal is to foster wisdom, expertise, and intuition.

I found the later chapters particularly engaging. Critchlow discusses the latest science regarding diet, the gut-brain connection, and organelles like mitochondria, revealing their intricate relationships with our cognitive functions.

Importantly, the book emphasizes that future success relies not on mastering technology but on intelligently navigating the environments it creates.

Her actionable tips for enhancing mental skills are both practical and insightful, often underlining the importance of mobility at all levels—physical and social—as well as leveraging diverse ideas and experiences. These insights have become a personal touchstone for how Critchlow lives her life.

In the final chapter, she reflects on humanity’s relationship with AI, posing a critical, albeit complex, question. While her arguments here may lack persuasiveness, possibly due to external pressures, they prompt necessary considerations.

If I were her editor, I might have encouraged deeper speculation on the implications of this transformation and what our societies could resemble in the future—in 50 or 100 years.

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Recent discoveries in neuroscience and cognitive science prove we don’t need to fear transition.
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I would also suggest exploring how to cultivate these mental skills at an organizational level, not just individually.

These critiques, however, do not detract from the book’s primary argument: that neuroscience and cognitive science show us we need not fear transitions. Our brains are equipped with skills to navigate changes, yet refining them requires effort.

We can take solace knowing that our ancestors faced significant changes throughout history, such as agriculture, civilization, and written language, emerging from those challenges not only alive but often in improved circumstances.

With Critchlow’s insightful and cautious manifesto as our guide, I remain optimistic about our ability to navigate this current transition.

Three More Insightful Books About Our Amazing Brains

Invincible Brain: A Clinically Proven Plan to Protect Your Brain from Aging and Stay Sharp for Life
Written by Majid Fotuhi

Majid Fotuhi, a neurologist at Johns Hopkins University, presents a 12-week program of lifestyle changes designed to enhance brain health and cognitive function at any age.

The Brain: User Guide
By New Scientist

This visually engaging guide explores maximizing the potential of your brain, based on an original article published in New Scientist, refined by my former colleague Alison George.

Inner Senses: How the New Science of Interoception Can Transform Your Health
Written by Caroline Williams

This fascinating book on interoception, a concept linking our internal senses to emotional intelligence, will resonate with what Critchlow discusses. It’s a delightful read for improving your awareness and health.

Graham Lawton is a former staff writer for New Scientist.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Can Fart Walking Help Manage Diabetes Effectively?

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

There’s an ancient Chinese proverb that goes, “If you walk 100 steps after eating, you will live to be 99 years old.” This time-tested saying in traditional medicine emphasizes that gentle exercise right after meals can enhance digestion and contribute to long-term health.

Interestingly, modern research and social media are now echoing this age-old wisdom.

In 2024, Canadian cookbook author Maylin Smith gained popularity on TikTok with a video highlighting the benefits of a post-meal “fart walk” for reducing bloating and eliminating gas.

The concept is simple: movement stimulates your stomach, intestines, and surrounding muscles, thereby activating your digestive system.

After eating, food moves more swiftly through your gastrointestinal tract, leading to regular bowel movements while minimizing gas buildup.

If this sounds unbelievable, reconsider.

The Evidence Behind the Fart Walk

A growing body of research indicates that engaging in a walk or light exercise right after meals offers numerous benefits beyond simply alleviating gas.

A 2020 study by Japanese researchers found that individuals with irritable bowel syndrome experienced a symptom reduction of up to 50% by increasing their daily steps from 4,000 to 9,500 source.

Additional studies show that postprandial exercise positively impacts cardiometabolic health markers.

In 2022, scientists discovered that even a brief 2-5 minute walk after a meal could lower blood sugar levels significantly. Intermittent light exercise throughout the day can decrease blood sugar levels by 17% compared to prolonged sitting source.

Researchers are still exploring the mechanisms behind this phenomenon. According to Dr. Aidan Buffy, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Limerick, “It’s a bit of a black box. Our hypothesis is that walking or exercising encourages our contracting muscles to take up glucose rather than producing more insulin for transport.”

This theory is supported by studies involving diabetic and prediabetic patients. A 2023 meta-analysis found that diabetics who walked within 30 minutes after meals showed improved insulin control.

“For those with diabetes, the insulin pathway may not function properly, which is a leading cause of the condition. Many require insulin injections,” Buffy stated.

“Sedentary individuals might not activate their insulin pathways effectively, benefiting significantly from post-meal walks. Researchers are now exploring exercise and nutrition as potential treatments for reversing diabetes.”

Taking Purp for a short walk after a meal can do wonders for your health – Image courtesy of Robin Boyden

Besides digestive benefits, several studies indicate that a walk after meals may aid in weight management and improve mood and energy levels due to enhanced blood sugar regulation.

Moreover, extensive evidence suggests that regular walking correlates with improved mental health and a reduced risk of cancer.

In 2025, Sydney researchers discovered that for every additional 1,000 steps (from 2,300 to 10,000 steps per day), the risk of heart failure decreased by 17%.

How Intense Should Your Fart Walk Be?

Buffy emphasizes the benefits of moderate exercise. “Light exercise is beneficial and motivating. Think of it like driving: start gently and gradually increase intensity.”

“Recent literature demonstrates a clear link between vigorous physical activity and reduced mortality rates. It’s not always about 60 minutes of high-intensity exercise; even short bouts of high intensity can be effective.”

In essence, activities like stair climbing can provide greater benefits compared to leisurely walks.

Buffy also recommends incorporating yoga and bodyweight exercises, such as squats and push-ups, into your post-dinner routine for optimal results within 60 minutes of finishing your meal.

So stand up and start moving, but make sure you’re not downwind of others while following this advice!

Read More:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Heartwarming Video: Sumatran Orangutan Crosses Road on Bridge for the First Time – A Big Milestone!

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

An orangutan was captured on video crossing a road using a rope bridge in the Pak Pak Barat district of North Sumatra, Indonesia, much to the joy of conservationists.

A young male Sumatran orangutan utilized this bridge to explore a new area of the rainforest, instilling hope among conservationists for the future of orangutans in the region.

“These canopy bridges demonstrate that human development and wildlife conservation can coexist,” said Helen Buckland, Chief Executive of the Sumatran Orangutan Society (SOS). “Often, the simplest solutions prove to be the most effective.”

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2026/05/bridge-crossing-video-.mp4

In 2024, SOS, in collaboration with the Tanggu Hutan Haturistiwa Foundation (TaHuKah), initiated construction on a canopy bridge following the widening of the Lagan-Pagindar road.

This road connects rural communities with essential services like hospitals and schools.

However, the 2023 road expansion created a gap in the tree canopy that orangutans and other wildlife struggled to cross.

For the region’s population of approximately 350 orangutans, this led to a division into two groups: one in the Silangas Wildlife Reserve and the other in the Siclapin Reserve Forest.

These isolated orangutan groups are unable to interact, which poses a significant risk to their survival through interbreeding among an already endangered species.

The footage of the young orangutan crossing the canopy bridge offers hope that such structures could effectively reconnect orangutan populations separated by roads.

Other primates, including gibbons, langurs, and macaques, have utilized the crossing in the past, but this marked the first sighting of an orangutan using the bridge.

Previously spotted using the bridge: gibbons. – Photo credit: SOS

“We’ve been anticipating this moment for two years,” Buckland stated. “Witnessing this young male orangutan confidently traverse a road via a canopy bridge is a significant conservation achievement, confirming that re-establishing connectivity in this fragmented landscape is possible.”

The bridge is one of five crossings installed using 200 meters (220 yards) of rope suspended among tall trees along the Lagan-Pagindall road.

Despite this progress, around 750 orangutans remain isolated along a narrow forest road in western Toba.

Erwin Alamsha Siregar, executive director of TaHuKah, expressed hope that the canopy bridge initiative could be replicated in other areas.

“We have shown that infrastructure developments and biodiversity conservation can coexist,” he noted. “There are effective ways to advance while safeguarding the natural environment.”

Sumatran orangutans are critically endangered, with only about 14,000 remaining in the wild. They are one of three species of orangutans native to Southeast Asia.

“This region of North Sumatra is crucial for global conservation efforts,” Buckland added. “A decline in wild orangutans can trigger cascading effects throughout ecosystems, including the natural resources on which local communities rely.”

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Rethinking the Cambrian Explosion: Evidence of Early Brain Development Before Shells and Limbs

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking hypothesis suggests that the Cambrian Explosion, which marked a rapid surge in animal diversity around 500 million years ago, was primarily influenced by the early evolution of complex nervous systems rather than the development of shells and limbs.

Brain First: A schematic representation of the main points of the hypothesis. Image credit: Ariel D. Chipman, doi: 10.1002/bies.70136.

“The phase between the late Ediacaran and early Cambrian periods (approximately 550 to 520 million years ago) represents the most significant evolutionary development of animals on Earth,” stated Ariel Chipman, a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

“During this time, there was a substantial increase in animal complexity and diversity, transforming the biosphere from a realm characterized by low diversity of primarily sedentary and bottom-feeding organisms to a dynamic environment filled with various motile animals, showcasing diverse locomotor modes and occupying dynamic ecosystems with an array of feeding strategies.”

“This transformative phase is often referred to as the Cambrian Explosion.”

Instead of seeking a singular reason for the surge in animal diversity, Professor Chipman reconstructs the Cambrian period as a series of interconnected developments in which escalating ecological complexity spurred the evolution of sophisticated nervous systems, particularly the brain.

As interactions between predators and prey intensified and marine environments grew more competitive, organisms faced heightened pressures to detect, process, and respond to their surroundings.

This ecological shift enabled the evolution of intricate neural systems adept at processing increasing sensory information.

At the core of this framework lies what Professor Chipman terms the ‘Brain First Hypothesis’.

This model proposes that brain expansion and regionalization occurred early in the evolutionary timeline, significantly contributing to subsequent anatomical innovations rather than being a mere byproduct of advanced bodily structures.

Notably, the researchers indicate that the genetic mechanisms responsible for brain development were not confined to the nervous system alone.

Through a phenomenon known as co-option, these genetic toolkits were repurposed for the formation of other organ systems.

This reutilization of existing developmental pathways facilitated the emergence of more complex body plans, including specialized digestive systems, advanced sensory organs, and segmental structures.

The rise in overall biological complexity allowed certain animal groups to thrive in a broader range of ecological niches, enhancing their evolutionary success.

This trend was not uniform across all life forms; it was particularly pronounced in groups like arthropods, mollusks, annelids, and chordates—lineages known for their high structural complexity and remarkable species diversity today.

“Instead of conceptualizing a single ‘explosion’, we should consider a sequence of interlinked steps,” Professor Chipman asserts.

“As environments evolved to be more complex, animals required improved methods to process information.”

“The evolution of the brain has made this possible, paving the way for even greater diversity in body forms and lifestyles.”

“It’s crucial to note that increased complexity is not inherently superior; several organisms have thrived with simpler body designs. This highlights that evolutionary success hinges on the specific demands of an organism’s environment.”

“By refocusing from a singular dramatic event to a series of gradual changes, this study offers a fresh perspective on the origins of animal diversity.”

“Future investigations, especially in genetics and developmental biology, may verify this hypothesis and further clarify the role of the brain in shaping the trajectory of life on Earth.”

Professor Chipman’s research paper was published in April 2026 in the journal bio essay.

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Ariel D. Chipman. 2026. Throughout the Cambrian, increases in animal diversity were driven by ecologically driven brain complexity. bio essay 48 (4): e70136; doi: 10.1002/bies.70136

Source: www.sci.news

Juno Discovers Rare Close-Up of Jupiter’s Shadow Moon Thebes

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

NASA’s Juno spacecraft has unveiled a stunning, new view of the irregular moon Thebes during a flyby on May 1, 2026, showcasing a battered world from just 5,000 kilometers away.

Thebes moon captured by Juno during a flyby on May 1, 2026. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

Thebes is a small, irregularly shaped moon of Jupiter, measuring approximately 116 x 98 x 84 km, with an average radius of about 49 km.

It ranks as the second largest of Jupiter’s inner moons and the seventh largest among all moons in the Jupiter system.

Discovered by astronomer Stephen Synnott in 1979 using images from NASA’s Voyager 1 spacecraft, Thebes orbits Jupiter at an average distance of about 221,900 km, well within the orbit of Io, the innermost Galilean moon of Jupiter. The moon completes one orbit in roughly 16.1 hours.

Like many of Jupiter’s inner moons, Thebes is tidally locked, so the same side always faces Jupiter.

Thebes features a heavily cratered surface with a dark reddish hue, and its most notable characteristic is the large impact crater Zethos, named after the mythical twins of Thebes.

Moreover, Thebes is a crucial contributor to the Spiraea rings, one of the faint outer rings of Jupiter’s ring system. Impacts from micrometeorites eject dust from its surface, forming a diffuse ring along Thebes’ orbit.

“Thebes is located at the outer edge of Jupiter’s faint ring system and is believed to play a significant role in the formation of Jupiter’s ‘Similarian’ rings through dust ejection,” stated NASA scientists.

The latest imagery of Thebes was acquired by the Stellar Reference Unit (SRU) aboard the Juno spacecraft, captured from a distance of about 5,000 km.

“Though the SRU’s primary purpose is navigating the starry sky, its exceptional sensitivity under low-light conditions also makes it a highly effective secondary scientific instrument,” the researchers noted.

“The SRU has previously been instrumental in discovering ‘shallow lightning’ in Jupiter’s atmosphere and imaging Jupiter’s intricate ring system.”

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Shows Space Debris Descends Faster as Solar Temperatures Rise

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Space debris, including defunct satellites and leftover rocket stages, poses an increasing risk to operational spacecraft and human space missions. Recent research indicates that heightened solar activity may accelerate the descent of space debris, influencing how scientists estimate satellite lifespans and collision probabilities.

When solar activity reaches approximately 67% of its peak, space debris descends more rapidly.

Low Earth Orbit (LEO), ranging from 400 to 2,000 km, serves as a prime location for image surveillance satellites, including Starlink and large-scale internet “megaconstellations.”

However, this region is cluttered with “space junk,” like retired satellites and rocket stages, posing risks to new launches. A single collision can trigger a chain reaction of extensive damage.

Efforts to use robotic systems for capturing space debris are still in their infancy. Researchers are currently focused on accurately tracking debris and identifying the most hazardous objects for future removal.

“We demonstrate that heightened solar activity accelerates the altitude loss of space debris surrounding Earth,” explained Dr. Aisha Ashraf, a researcher at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Center.

“For the first time, we reveal that this altitude reduction occurs significantly faster once solar activity surpasses a specific threshold.”

“This finding is expected to play a crucial role in planning sustainable future space operations.”

The sun operates on an 11-year cycle, alternating between active and quiet phases, which correlates with sunspot numbers and affects the intensity of solar radiation.

UV radiation and charged particles (such as helium nuclei and heavy ions) increase during active periods.

When this solar outburst peaks, as observed in 2024, it heats Earth’s thermosphere, located at altitudes of 100 to 1,000 km, with temperatures ranging from 500 to 2,500 degrees Celsius.

This elevation in atmospheric density around orbiting objects (350-36,000 km altitude) increases atmospheric resistance or “drag,” accelerating their descent.

In their study, Dr. Ashraf and colleagues analyzed the historical trajectories of 17 LEO space debris objects over a 36-year timeline beginning in the 1960s, encompassing the 22nd to 24th solar cycles.

These objects orbit the Earth every 90 to 120 minutes at altitudes of 600 to 800 km and have yet to reenter the atmosphere; eventually, they will combust upon reentry.

Since space debris does not engage in active station-keeping like artificial satellites, its descent rates are influenced solely by variations in thermosphere density.

“This characteristic makes space junk an excellent indicator for assessing the long-term impacts of solar activity on atmospheric drag,” stated the researchers.

They correlated these orbits with extensive data from the German Geoscience Research Center, which monitors sunspot activity alongside daily shifts in solar radio and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation.

The findings indicated that when sunspot numbers exceed two-thirds of their peak, space debris crosses a “transition boundary,” prompting faster descent.

“This threshold appears unrelated to a specific solar radiation value but rather hinges on the sun’s proximity to its peak activity,” remarked Dr. Ashraf.

“At this juncture, the sun emits more intense EUV radiation, potentially due to amplified solar activities near the peak.”

The researchers emphasized that their discoveries will assist space scientists in optimizing satellite trajectories and mitigating collision risks with debris.

“Our findings suggest that when solar activity heightens beyond a particular level, satellites decline in altitude more rapidly, akin to space debris, necessitating more frequent orbital adjustments,” Dr. Ashraf noted.

“This directly impacts a satellite’s operational duration in orbit and its fuel requirements, particularly for missions launched close to solar maximum.”

“Remarkably, all this valuable information derives from objects launched in the 1960s.”

“They continue to contribute to our understanding and act as vital instruments for investigating the long-term effects of solar activity on the thermosphere.”

The team’s study has been published in the latest issue of Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Science.

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Aisha M. Ashraf et al. 2026. Characterizing the influence of solar cycles on long-term orbital degradation of Low-Earth Orbit space debris. Front. Astron. Space Sci. 13; doi: 10.3389/fspas.2026.1797886

Source: www.sci.news