Steve Brusatte’s Insights on Bird Evolution: New Scientist’s Top Recommendation

Posted on June 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Artist’s Impression of Archeopteryx

JA Chirinos/Science Photo Library

Artist's Impression of Archeopteryx - A Prehistoric Feathered Reptile — Artist’s Impression of Archeopteryx

JA Chirinos/Science Photo Library

Bird Story
By Steve Brusatte Picador (UK); Mariner Books (US)

Steve Brusatte excels in paleontology with his compelling book, Bird Story, which follows his acclaimed works, The Rise and Fall of Dinosaurs and The Rise and Reign of Mammals. This new release combines rigorous scientific insight with an engaging narrative style, making it a must-read for enthusiasts of avian evolution.

Brusatte is a prominent paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh, specializing in a wide array of dinosaur, bird, and mammal fossils. He conducts excavations on the Isle of Skye in Scotland, known for its well-preserved Jurassic remains. Brusatte is also a notable science communicator, reaching audiences through his films as well as his engaging books.

Artist’s Impression of Compsognathus

Florilegius/Alamy

Bird Story, subtitled The Evolutionary History of Dinosaurs Living Among Us, meticulously details the journey of birds from their dinosaur ancestors, showcasing their evolutionary adaptations and current status as a thriving animal group.

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The dramatic discovery of Archaeopteryx bolstered Huxley’s case that birds evolved from dinosaurs
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Brusatte’s narrative traces back to 1868, when Thomas Henry Huxley first proposed the connection between birds and dinosaurs. This idea was vital in supporting Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, as outlined in On the Origin of Species. Huxley’s groundbreaking work redefined how these two groups of organisms were understood in the broader context of evolutionary biology.

Artist’s Impression of Falcatakely

Mark P. Witton/Science Photo Library

Birds have always puzzled scientists due to their unique characteristics like feathers, wings, and bipedal posture. Brusatte emphasizes Huxley’s contributions, correlating bird features with their dinosaur relatives, especially notable species like Compsognathus, which exhibited striking similarities.

The significant discovery of Archaeopteryx revealed not only its feathered wings but also its teeth and claws, reinforcing the evolutionary connection between birds and dinosaurs. Brusatte underscores that modern birds belong to the dinosaur lineage, providing insights into how they survived mass extinction events that decimated their dinosaur cousins.

Through analysis of the fossil record, Brusatte elaborates on the evolution of feathers and flight capabilities in ancient birds during the Mesozoic era. He vividly illustrates the diversity of avian species, with groups like the enantiornithids thriving before the catastrophic events of the past, detailing the survival mechanisms of certain bird lineages.

In the latter half of Bird Story, Brusatte transitions to present-day birds, exploring their significant diversification in response to ecological niches vacated by extinct species. He examines contemporary avian groups such as penguins and songbirds alongside extinct marvels, enhancing the narrative’s depth.

As a writer immersed in paleontology, many concepts within Bird Story felt familiar, but Brusatte’s exploration of Zealandia, the submerged eighth continent, brought fresh perspectives. He suggests that Zealandia historically hosted dinosaurs long into the present due to its isolation from large mammals.

Concluding the book, Brusatte’s collaboration with neuroscientists Pavel Němek and Kristina Kverková sheds light on avian intelligence. Despite their small brain sizes, many birds exhibit extraordinary cognitive abilities, underscoring the complexity of avian minds.

Bird Story stands as a remarkable addition to the literature on avian evolution, further fueling anticipation for Brusatte’s future works, including his upcoming book on the history of reptiles.

Michael Marshall, a science writer based in Devon, UK.

Moon Meteorite Captures Key Evidence of Massive Asteroid Impact

Posted on June 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Planetary scientists are examining a lunar meteorite known as North West Africa (NWA) 12593, uncovering crucial evidence of an asteroid impact on the moon dating back 3.5 billion years. This discovery aids in reconstructing the era of catastrophic impacts that significantly shaped the inner solar system.

XRF map of a 7.53 g slice of NWA 12593: Calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) depicting crust location and diversity. Sulfur (S) indicates cracks and surface weathering. Image credit: Crow et al., doi: 10.1130/G54386.1.

The early billions of years in Earth’s history were pivotal, giving rise to life, an atmosphere, and oceans. However, this period remains largely enigmatic, as few rocks survive that chronicle the early history of our planet.

Dynamic geological processes such as erosion, subduction, and burial continually reform surfaces, rendering older rocks increasingly rare.

This ancient era is essential for understanding our origins and the impact of catastrophic events, like asteroid collisions, on early life on Earth.

“The oldest fossil evidence of life on Earth is about 3.5 billion years old, implying that life must have appeared and evolved prior to that,” stated Dr. Carolyn Crowe, a planetary scientist from the University of Colorado Boulder.

“A critical question we explore is what kind of shock record existed when life began?”

“Understanding how life establishes itself and how it emerges is vital. The cycle of these catastrophic events is a key component of this equation.”

Through their analysis of the NWA 12593 meteorite, Dr. Crowe and colleagues identified three distinct impact events.

The first event, radiometrically dated to approximately 3.5 billion years ago, was large enough to transform the moon’s surface into a molten layer akin to a lava flow, leading to the formation of a mineral known as cubic zirconia, which forms only at extremely high temperatures.

“Cubic zirconia is typically synthesized for jewelry but cannot endure the low temperatures found on Earth and the Moon unless its cooling is meticulously controlled in a laboratory,” the researchers explained.

“Nevertheless, we managed to find traces of a cubic zirconia phase in our samples.”

The second impact event is recorded within the meteorite itself.

This event produced a type of rock called breccia, which formed after a smaller impact disrupted the molten layer from the initial event.

“Breccia resembles what you might see if you chipped away at a block of concrete,” Dr. Crowe explained.

“You can observe all these small stones fused together by cement — akin to how meteorites fusion occurs during impacts.”

“The impact led to a variety of rock fragments blending together like a concrete sidewalk.”

Evidence of the third impact is represented by meteorites found on Earth.

A more recent impact likely dislodged chunks of breccia from the Moon, setting them on a trajectory toward our planet.

The timing of the first major impact documented by NWA 12593 aligns with known impacts between Earth and Vesta, the fourth largest asteroid in the asteroid belt.

It is extraordinary for three events of similar age to be recorded, and this new discovery serves as a crucial link to a period when the solar system transitioned from frequent collisions during planet formation to sporadic impacts resulting from asteroid fragmentation.

“Such occurrences are rare, which is why we’re so enthusiastic,” Dr. Crowe remarked.

“It’s uncommon to find three records coinciding like this.”

The study was published in the journal Geology on May 12, 2026.

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Carolyn A. Crowe et al. Three pieces of evidence of approximately 3.7 Ga to 3.2 Ga impact events in the inner solar system. Geology published online on May 12, 2026. doi: 10.1130/G54386.1

Source: www.sci.news

How Earth’s Oldest Animals Thrived: A Lack of Evolutionary Pressure?

Posted on June 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Fossils of the oldest known animals on Earth, dating back 574 million years to the Ediacaran period, indicate that asexual reproduction dominated the oceans, stalling evolutionary progress until environmental pressures prompted the emergence of sexual reproduction and triggered a surge in biodiversity.

Artist reconstruction of the Fructofusus community, showcasing a large specimen surrounded by medium-sized ones, with smaller specimens forming clusters. Image credit: CG Kensington.

Following billions of years of microbial life, the Ediacaran period, occurring approximately 635 to 539 million years ago, saw the emergence of larger and more complex organisms, including the first animals.

Among these early animals, some specimens of fructophusus could reach heights of up to 2 meters (6.6 ft), although most were much smaller.

These ancient creatures resembled ferns more than modern animals. Lacking mouths, internal organs, or means of movement, they are believed to have absorbed nutrients directly from their surrounding water.

Most Ediacaran life forms vanished from the fossil record at the dawn of the Cambrian period, around 540 million years ago, complicating efforts to connect them to contemporary organisms.

Previous studies revealed that these primitive animals reproduced asexually, using clones that spread via stolons and runners, similar to how modern strawberries propagate. They thrived in the nutrient-rich waters of the Ediacaran ocean.

“Life in Ediacaran times was favorable, minimizing the need for sexual reproduction,” stated Dr. Emily Mitchell, a researcher at the University of Cambridge.

“There was limited competition, which reduced the pressure for evolutionary change.”

Dr. Mitchell and her colleague, Professor Andrea Manica, utilized advanced techniques such as laser scanning, spatial analysis, and artificial intelligence to investigate Ediacaran fossils found at Mistaken Point in Newfoundland, Canada.

They demonstrated that asexual reproduction via stolons decreases competition and then created a computational model to simulate how early animal communities operated under various reproductive strategies.

Testing this model thousands of times, they applied simple neural networks to identify simulations that aligned best with the diversity patterns seen in the fossil record.

This method, known as Approximate Bayesian computation, enabled researchers to analyze actual data and estimate organism dispersal and resource competition intensity.

Through this process, they determined that the restricted dispersal linked to asexual reproduction accounts for the limited species diversity in early animal communities, while the transition to sexual reproduction coincided with a dramatic increase in evolutionary diversity.

For billions of years, competition and environmental stress were the primary forces behind evolution, yet in the Ediacaran sea, asexual reproduction prevailed, and competition was minimal.

“When organisms are interconnected through runners, they share nutrients rather than compete for them,” explained Manica.

As Ediacaran life gradually migrated from deeper to shallower waters, early animals encountered increasing pressure. Factors such as tides, storms, and fluctuations in temperature and nutrient availability all contributed to a more unstable living environment, thus intensifying competition for resources.

“Suddenly finding oneself in an environment where threats to survival arise multiple times a year drastically changes everything,” Dr. Mitchell remarked.

“Stress inherently prompts a shift to sexual reproduction, resulting in significantly increased dispersal as animals seek to colonize new areas due to heightened competition.”

“As these early animals adapted to new reproductive strategies and habitats, a notable increase in diversification occurred, leading to a ‘second wave’ of animal evolution during the Ediacaran, a trend that was further amplified in the Cambrian as animals became more mobile.”

For more information, refer to the study published in this week’s edition of Nature Ecology and Evolution.

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E. G. Mitchell and A. Manica. The influence of reproductive mode on resource competition and diversity patterns in early Ediacaran animal communities. Nat Ecol Evol, published online June 9, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41559-026-03094-2

Source: www.sci.news

Revolutionary Quantum Breakthrough: Physicists Unveil Unprecedented Schrödinger’s Cat Experiment

Posted on June 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers at the University of Oxford have developed a groundbreaking class of “cat states”—quantum superpositions created from unique, non-classical elements instead of traditional wave packets. This advancement paves the way for more robust quantum computers.

Quantum mechanics challenges classical intuitions, most famously showcased in Schrödinger’s cat, where systems exist in a superposition of states. Superpositions are critical for advancing quantum technology. Quantum “cat” states have been previously realized in harmonic oscillators, predominantly limited to Fock, displacement, or Gottsman-Kitaev-Preskill states. A different type of macroscopic superposition, where the oscillator is squeezed along orthogonal axes, had been suggested but never achieved. Zahner et al. introduced a trapped ion hybrid spin oscillator system that enables the experimental realization of these ‘brothers’ to Schrödinger’s cat. Image credit: Saner et al., doi: 10.1103/k1xk-yt42.

“Unlike classical physics, quantum mechanics permits objects to exist in multiple states simultaneously,” stated Dr. Sebastian Zahner of the University of Oxford and his research team.

“This concept is famously embodied in Schrödinger’s cat, which is imagined to be both alive and dead until observation occurs.”

“In experimental settings, physicists can create a less dramatic but highly realistic version of this phenomenon by placing atoms, light, or motion in two different quantum states simultaneously.”

“Manipulating these superpositions is vital for applications ranging from quantum computing to precise timekeeping.”

“A quintessential example is a quantum bit, or qubit, which represents a superposition of both 0 and 1. However, quantum systems can exhibit more than merely two states.”

“Quantum harmonic oscillators, which can occupy several distinct energy levels, provide even richer possibilities.”

“These quantum harmonic oscillators describe a variety of physical systems, such as light, vibrations, and confined particle motion, while creating diverse quantum superpositions.”

“A notable instance is the cat state, where an oscillator exists in a superposition of two wave packets positioned in opposite directions.”

“These wave packets, termed coherent states, closely resemble classical motion constrained by quantum mechanics.”

In their latest study, Dr. Zaner and colleagues presented a novel family of quantum superpositions.

Rather than constructing cat-like states from traditional wave packets, they devised a method to create superpositions using a broad array of components that are inherently non-classical.

For instance, in superposition of squeezed states, the quantum uncertainty is distributed differently within each component of the state.

“The experiment leveraged the motion of a single trapped ion,” the physicists reported.

“A trapped ion integrates two distinct types of quantum systems: its internal state functions like a qubit, while its motion acts as a quantum harmonic oscillator capable of inhabiting various motion states.”

“This provides a powerful platform for engineering quantum states beyond conventional qubits.”

To create these innovative states, researchers initially employed engineered interactions to entangle the ions’ internal states with different possible motion states.

Subsequent intermediate-circuit quantum measurements of internal states then projected the ion’s motion onto a particular superposition of non-classical components.

“This method equips us with the instruments to fabricate quantum superpositions in nearly any configuration,” Dr. Sanner mentioned.

This technique allows researchers to precisely control the generated states.

By modifying the experimental arrangement, they could adjust the relative sizes, rotations, and separations of the components, enabling a diverse range of exotic motion superpositions within the same trapped ion system.

The scientists also directly reconstructed the quantum states they produced.

This reconstruction revealed interference patterns and regions demonstrating Wigner negativity, confirming that the state transcends a typical classical mixture.

These characteristics affirm that the experiment achieved a genuine quantum superposition of authentically non-classical states of motion.

The authors are now collaborating with theorists to determine the precise “quantum” nature of these states.

Dr. Raghavendra Srinivas, also from the University of Oxford, expressed, “I was genuinely heartened by my colleagues’ reactions when I presented our findings.”

“We believe we are merely scratching the surface of the potential applications and the deeper understanding of these conditions.”

The team’s research paper was published in this month’s edition of Physical Review X.

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S. Zaner et al. 2026. Generation of arbitrary superpositions of non-classical quantum harmonic oscillator states. Physical Review X 16, 021049; doi: 10.1103/k1xk-yt42

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring the Cave Lion: Unique Interbreeding with Ancestral Lions and Its Impact on Today’s Species

Posted on June 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The extinct Eurasian cave lion (Panthera spelea) and today’s African and Asian lions (Panthera leo) have been analyzed through the genomes of 12 cave lions spanning over 100,000 years. This study reveals that cave lions comprise a distinct evolutionary lineage that diverged approximately 1.7 million years ago, significantly earlier than previously believed.

A cave lion depicted in Chauvet Cave, France.

Lions are among the most prevalent megacarnivores in the fossil record, with remains discovered across four continents: Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Americas.

The earliest fossils exhibiting distinct lion traits originated in East Africa around 1.9 million years ago, spreading to Syria by 1 million years ago.

These majestic creatures have been recorded in Europe since about 700,000 years ago (in Italy and Britain) and in North America for 300,000 years, possibly reaching southern North America and even parts of South America around 130,000 years ago.

Today, lions are limited to a small population in India and fragmented groups across Africa.

Evidence from skeletal remains, preserved soft tissues, and Pleistocene cave paintings suggests that the extinct late Pleistocene lions in the northern Arctic were morphologically distinct from modern lions, being larger and likely possessing lighter fur.

Despite their prominence in the Holarctic fossil record during the Late Pleistocene, cave lions went extinct approximately 13,000 to 14,000 years ago, marking them as one of the earliest casualties of the megafauna extinction.

At their peak, cave lions were among the most ecologically significant predators in the Northern Hemisphere.

“The cave lion is frequently portrayed as a larger, more robust version of modern lions,” remarked lead author Dr. David Stanton, a lecturer at Cardiff University.

“However, what our genomic analysis reveals is even more astonishing: this lineage has evolved independently for over a million years, accumulating remarkable biological traits.”

Stanton’s analysis utilized 12 cave lion genomes spanning more than 100,000 years. This research shows that modern lions and cave lions are separate evolutionary lineages, each with unique demographic histories and genetic variants. Image credit: Stanton et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2026.05.007.

The research team examined 12 cave lion genomes collected over 100,000 years across Eurasia and northernmost North America, comparing them with 20 genomes from modern lions in Africa and Southern Asia.

Cave lion DNA was extracted from both dental and skeletal remains, alongside well-preserved soft tissue specimens, including two cave lion cubs from northern Siberia.

Comparing these genomes indicates that cave lions and modern lions represent distinct groups, highlighting a substantial evolutionary divide.

While earlier research indicated a more recent divergence, this study supports a much older separation, approximately 1.7 million years ago.

Interestingly, the research uncovered evidence that the two lineages occasionally interbred during periods of peak glacial expansion, allowing cave lions to migrate into areas inhabited by modern lions.

The Central East Asian cave lions, dating back around 20,000 years, contained 3.2 to 4.4 percent of the ancestors of modern lions, likely stemming from the now-extinct lion population of Southwest Asia.

The authors also identified numerous unique mutations in proteins specific to cave lions, concentrated in genes associated with brain function, vision, the circulatory system, and growth, indicating significant biological adaptations to the harsh Holarctic environment they inhabited.

“Our findings point to the impact of historical climate change on more than just habitat,” stated lead author Professor Rav Dalen, research group leader at the Stockholm Center for Paleogenetics.

“It also influenced migration and created a fleeting window for interbreeding opportunities that would not have been present otherwise.”

The team’s results are published in the journal Cell.

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David WG Stanton et al. Paleogenomes reveal evolutionary relationships between modern lions and cave lions. Cell published online on June 3, 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2026.05.007

Source: www.sci.news

NASA Responds to Criticism Over All-Male Astronaut Crew for Artemis III Mission

Posted on June 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

As NASA prepares for the highly anticipated **Artemis III mission**, scheduled for launch next year, the decision to select an all-male crew has sparked significant controversy. This announcement, made on Tuesday, revealed the four astronauts who will be part of the mission.

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“It’s an insane choice to have no women onboard **Artemis III**,” remarks space influencer Alexandra Doten (aka Astro Alexandra). She posted her thoughts on X on Tuesday.

In response to the backlash, NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman addressed the criticisms directly on Wednesday.

“I’ve seen reactions that range from disappointment to anger,” he stated in a recent announcement.

Isaacman explained that some astronauts might not have been chosen for **Artemis III** due to their readiness for missions to the International Space Station or because their expertise aligns better with future Artemis missions aimed at landing on the moon.

“The astronaut office evaluates many factors, including an astronaut’s background, expertise, test pilot experience, and the specific needs of the mission to assemble a crew that maximizes the chances of mission success,” he elaborated.

The selected crew members include NASA astronauts **Randy Bresnik, Frank Rubio, and Andre Douglas**, along with European Space Agency astronaut **Luca Parmitano**. Their mission, set to launch by summer **2027**, aims to test commercial lunar landers, laying the groundwork for the **2028 Artemis IV mission** that will transport astronauts to the moon’s surface. The Artemis III crew will spend approximately two weeks in Earth orbit conducting this test.

Both **SpaceX** and **Blue Origin** are developing these lunar landers, with the Artemis III mission designed to demonstrate rendezvous and docking procedures between NASA’s **Orion capsule** and the new landers.

Looking ahead to **Artemis IV** in 2024, one of the landers will partner with the **Orion spacecraft**, which carried Artemis II astronauts on a 10-day journey around Earth and the moon this past April. The lander’s role will be to transport astronauts to the lunar surface and then return them safely to Earth.

Since **2023**, NASA has pledged to land the first woman and first person of color on the moon during its Artemis missions. However, they have since modified the language on some platforms amidst discussions surrounding diversity and inclusion.

Isaacman clarified that the crew selection process at NASA “does not involve political appointees,” likely addressing concerns about potential external influence in the astronaut selection.

NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman attends a House Science, Space, and Technology Committee hearing on April 22 at the Capitol.
Andrew Harnik/Getty Images

While NASA may be reserving the most experienced female astronaut for the upcoming **Artemis IV mission**, the crew member has yet to be disclosed.

Currently, NASA has 37 active astronauts eligible for missions, among which **15 are women**. Impressively, the latest astronaut class announced last year included a historic majority of women.

Astronomy PhD student **Jasmin Singh**, known as **@astro_jaz** on X, commented that the all-male crew of **Artemis III** was a “huge blow,” especially for those inspired by astronaut **Christina Koch** during her contributions to **Artemis II**.

“For those who aren’t offended by the absence of women in **Artemis III**, they may not grasp the significance of seeing someone who resembles you achieve something monumental, particularly after centuries of underrepresentation,” Singh expressed.

“The selected astronauts for **Artemis III** are experienced and qualified, deserving recognition for their mission, just as future crews will receive the same honor,” Isaacman stated.

For the **Artemis III flight**, Bresnik will serve as mission commander, Parmitano as pilot, and Douglas and Rubio as mission specialists. NASA astronaut **Bob Hines** will act as a backup crew member.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

First Instance of Fully Autonomous Drone Engaging and Killing Human Soldier

Posted on June 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Drones are prevalent on Ukrainian battlefields, typically operated by human pilots.

Frank Herman/Getty Images

Drones on Ukrainian battlefields — Drones are prevalent on Ukrainian battlefields, typically operated by human pilots.

Frank Herman/Getty Images

In a groundbreaking event, a fully autonomous drone has reportedly killed a soldier on the battlefield without any human oversight. This significant development, according to Ukrainian defense executives, signifies a pivotal moment in the ongoing conflict.

This unprecedented test involved deploying ten AI-operated Terminator drones along the front lines of the Ukraine war, resulting in the death of a Russian soldier.

“We tried it,” stated Alexander Kokhanovsky, the drone manufacturer responsible for the technology during an interview. New Scientist covered the remarks made at a press event held by the Embassy of Ukraine. “This was merely a test; we have never executed such an operation before.” [for broader perspective]

The test, conducted two years ago, involved a quadcopter drone programmed to advance towards the front lines, traversing 3 to 5 kilometers in roughly 10 minutes, before activating “terminator mode,” where an AI model identifies and engages targets.

“We simply launch the drone, and we know that everything in its vicinity will be neutralized. Everything the drone detects is targeted for destruction,” Kokhanovsky explained. “There’s no connection to the drone; you can’t view any video feed; whatever targets the drone identifies are eliminated.”

Due to the lack of visibility into the drones’ targeting systems, human-operated drones were later deployed to assess the area, which revealed casualties that included “several soldiers and a truck,” Kokhanovsky reported. Although there is no official record of the autonomous drones specifically targeting these victims, it was concluded they were responsible.

Kokhanovsky clarified that he did not directly participate in the tests, which were undertaken by unmentioned military units near Bakhmut and Chasiv Yar areas during a Ukrainian counteroffensive. The Ukrainian Ministry of Defense did not provide comments on the current legal status regarding testing and utilizing fully autonomous weapons.

While AI technology is increasingly adopted in military operations globally, enabling the efficient analysis of vast intelligence data and automating certain weapon functions, human involvement remains essential. Kokhanovsky’s admission represents the most concrete evidence to date indicating that combat-related deaths resulted solely from AI operations.

Officials from the defense industry stated at a press conference that despite current Ukrainian regulations forbidding the use of AI in critical target interception stages, numerous systems leverage AI throughout various phases of their operation. Kokhanovsky noted that the government acknowledges the rising potential of AI and is in discussions with defense manufacturers regarding possible regulatory changes.

A 2023 report indicated that some Ukrainian attack drones equipped with AI were autonomously identifying and striking targets, but these deployments primarily targeted vehicles rather than infantry. As of now, no human casualties have been confirmed.

Although an international ban on autonomous weapons capable of lethal actions without human oversight is not established, UN Secretary-General António Guterres expressed last year that: “There is no place in our world for autonomous lethal weapons systems.”

The United Nations has raised concerns regarding the potential of such weapons to eliminate human discretion from combat scenarios, potentially violating international humanitarian and human rights laws. There’s also a real possibility that autonomous systems might mistakenly engage friendly forces or civilians.

Numerous militaries have engineered technologies that automate various aspects of target engagement. The U.S. has developed software that compiles and evaluates extensive data to pinpoint battlefield targets for drone strikes, theoretically demanding human confirmation. There are also claims that the U.S. is advancing technologies for drones designed to autonomously identify and neutralize threats.

A 2021 United Nations report hinted that a Turkish-manufactured Kargu-2 quadcopter could have autonomously engaged human targets. This report noted an absence of specific details regarding the claims’ origins or confirmation of casualties, but did suggest that Libya’s Government of National Accord utilized drones against Haftar’s forces.

Major Danilo Polozhukno, an officer with Ukraine’s 21st Independent Unmanned Systems Regiment, who was unaware of or involved in the test, informed New Scientist that his battalion employs semi-autonomous systems, but human operators are consistently engaged.

“These drone systems and platforms ease the workload for operators by facilitating automatic target acquisition and tracking, along with autonomous guidance as they near the target. However, we do not incorporate fully autonomous systems that solely determine and engage targets without operator involvement,” Polozhukno remarked. “Ukraine is deeply committed to adhering to international humanitarian law and safeguarding the rights of all combatants, prioritizing decision-making that minimizes civilian casualties.”

Maria Rosalia Taddeo from the University of Oxford asserts that AI-assisted killings strip soldiers of their dignity and evade accountability for attackers, calling for a ban. “It’s more than just problematic; it’s alarming,” she commented. “Do we intend to foster a society where individuals can kill without human oversight, where the government permits such lethality?”

Anthony King, a researcher at the University of Exeter, stated that while fully autonomous attacks devoid of human participation are technologically feasible, their effectiveness may be overestimated.

“It’s entirely plausible that the government might endorse this for a military edge,” he noted. “Nevertheless, the actual usage of fully autonomous drones within the conflict remains minimal at best.”

“Thus, maintaining human oversight is not only morally imperative but militarily advantageous at this current juncture,” King asserted.

Kokhanovsky indicated that the Terminator project has stalled since the test due to Ukrainian regulations. As the CEO of Aerocenter, a Ukrainian drone manufacturing firm, he clarified that he was not involved in the tests as the company had not been established at that time. Aerocenter focuses on developing autonomous interceptor drones intended to target and neutralize incoming Russian Shahed suicide drones before they can reach populated areas and critical infrastructure.

The ALITA system developed by the company boasts 16 launch pads equipped with 64 drones. Set for completion by October, it aims to autonomously monitor and engage incoming threats at speeds of 450 kilometers per hour, capable of intercepting small drones and helicopters alike.

However, existing Ukrainian regulations restrict fully autonomous operations, necessitating human identification of targets during final interception phases. This protocol enables a minimal two-person crew to operate 64 drones seamlessly, significantly reducing manpower.

“All stages of this operation can be executed manually or automatically, but the final engagement must be manually conducted,” Kokhanovsky emphasized, advocating for a change in regulations. “I’d advocate for that shift,” he concluded.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How a Nuclear War Between India and Pakistan Could Devastate the Ozone Layer

Posted on June 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Pakistani Missile Capable of Carrying a Nuclear Warhead

T Mughal/EPA/Shutterstock

Pakistani missile capable of carrying a nuclear warhead — Pakistani Missile Capable of Carrying a Nuclear Warhead

T Mughal/EPA/Shutterstock

A nuclear war could lead to catastrophic environmental consequences, including a nuclear winter and significant ozone layer depletion, hampering recovery efforts. Recent studies suggest that even a minor nuclear conflict, such as one between India and Pakistan, could inflict damage on the ozone layer comparable to a large-scale nuclear confrontation between superpowers like the United States and Russia.

“It’s crucial to understand that even a small-scale nuclear conflict can trigger widespread global repercussions beyond the immediate region,” states Takashihiro from the University of Quebec in Montreal.

In the unfortunate event of a nuclear exchange, the explosion zones would experience extensive destruction, with millions of casualties from the blast, intense heat, and radiation. The subsequent fires would emit large volumes of smoke into the atmosphere, obscuring sunlight and drastically lowering global temperatures—this phenomenon is termed “nuclear winter.”

“Initially, we can expect significant cooling of the Earth’s surface,” shares Zhuo, who presented findings at the recent European Geosciences Union conference in Vienna.

A 2007 study estimated that a nuclear winter triggered by a conflict between India and Pakistan could potentially lead to the starvation of one billion people.

Ozone Layer Recovery Complications

Recovery from a nuclear winter would likely be further hindered by damage to the stratospheric ozone layer, which plays a vital role in shielding the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Interestingly, even natural phenomena like volcanic eruptions and extensive wildfires can inflict harm on the ozone layer. Elevated UV levels pose risks not only to human health but also threaten agricultural outputs by affecting both plants and animals.

A recent study utilizing advanced climate modeling techniques revealed that the extent of ozone damage following a nuclear conflict is often underestimated. Given the rising number of global conflicts, Kuo and colleagues endeavored to assess the potential fallout of nuclear engagement. Their research projected a nuclear scenario between India and Pakistan involving the release of 5 million tons of soot, while a U.S.-Russia scenario anticipated 16 million tons. Unlike previous analyses, this study also factored in additional pollutants such as organic carbon.

Their climate model simulations indicated that atmospheric circulation patterns in tropical regions could facilitate the prolonged and widespread dispersal of pollutants from the India-Pakistan conflict.

“Stronger upward transport occurs in tropical scenarios,” explains Kuo. Consequently, despite the lower volume of pollutants compared to a U.S.-Russia conflict, the impacts on the ozone layer can be more significant.

Ozone layer damage is most pronounced in polar regions, akin to the adverse effects caused by ozone-depleting substances like CFCs. However, even in tropical areas, estimates suggest that UV radiation levels could increase by as much as 30%, posing severe health risks to both humans and wildlife.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover Millions of Fossilized Whale Bones in Deep Sea ‘Graveyard’

Posted on June 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Fossils Possibly Identified as Baleen Whale Ribs Discovered at 5,656 Meters in the Indian Ocean

Credit: Global TREnD, IDSSE

Researchers have uncovered the world’s deepest whale graveyard located at seven kilometers in the southern Indian Ocean. Among the discoveries are remains of a new extinct beaked whale species along with fossils aged over 5 million years.

In early 2023, Peng Zhou and a team from the Chinese Academy of Sciences performed 32 dives in a manned submersible across over 1,200 kilometers undersea, exploring an area known as the Diamantina Zone.

This expedition is part of the Global Hadar Exploration Program, a significant initiative by Chinese scientists to investigate the deepest regions of Earth’s oceans, spanning depths from 6,000 to 11,000 meters. At these extreme depths, there is complete darkness, and life survives by consuming organic material that sinks from the surface or through chemosynthesis, a process relying on chemical energy.

The first fossil whale was detected at 7,002 meters in a part of the Diamantina region called the Dordrecht Strait, more than 1,100 kilometers southwest of Perth, Australia.

“Thanks to the submersible’s advanced lighting systems, we could observe tens of meters ahead even in the pitch-black ocean,” remarked Zhou. He found the experience “a little scary, yet incredibly fascinating.”

The researchers concluded there could be up to 760 whale carcasses per square kilometer, consisting of ancient remains and recent deaths—thus dubbing the area a “whale graveyard” as well as a “deep-sea fossil megasite.”

Recently deceased specimens included a 5-meter-long Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis), which is now nourishing an ecosystem of invertebrates, such as bone-eating insects and spider stars—many of which are believed to be new species and exist in astounding densities of up to 2800 individuals per square meter.

“It felt incredibly special,” stated Chow. “What we witnessed was a deep-time archive showcasing evolution and vibrant deep-sea life, home to millions of whales, some of which date over 5 million years. We honored this significant location with the utmost respect.”

The Fendouzhe Submersible’s Robotic Arm Retrieves Fossilized Whale Bones from the Deep Sea Floor.

Credit: Global TREnD, IDSSE

The research team identified 485 active whale fall sites and fossil locations during their exploration. They successfully collected 43 fossil specimens dating between 120,000 years and 5.26 million years old.

Many of these recent fossils are from beaked whales representing two known species: beaked whales (Mesoprodon Boudoini) and southern beaked whales (Mesoprodone Rayadi).

So far, the research team has formally documented one new species, Pterocetus diamantinae. Team members believe they also collected fragmented specimens that may include additional undiscovered species, as noted by Giovanni Vianucci from the University of Pisa, Italy.

Peng Xiaotong, another researcher from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, explained that several factors contribute to the exceptional preservation of these fossils. Most of the remains consist of beaked whale snouts, which possess high-density bone structures that minimize physical deterioration and are less appealing to scavengers.

Over the last 5 million years, merely 0.05 to 0.55 millimeters of sediment has accumulated in this region, leading many of these bones to be coated in ferromanganese oxide, effectively insulating them from environmental exposure.

“Hence, the combination of dense bone structure, slow sedimentation, and mineral coatings has preserved these bones for over five million years,” stated Penn.

The researchers hypothesize that several factors have led to the high concentration of whale carcasses in the Diamantina — including the whales’ migratory paths and the V-shaped geomorphology of the area that accumulates carcasses.

Culum Brown, a professor at Macquarie University in Sydney not involved in the study, called the discovery a “remarkable finding.” “The density of whale-fall remains is extraordinary,” he commented.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Rare Camera Trap Video Reveals Wolves Hunting European Bison

Posted on June 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Wolves are making a comeback in many parts of Europe

John Colemans/Shutterstock

Wolves hunting bison in Europe — Wolves are making a comeback in many parts of Europe

John Colemans/Shutterstock

A captivating video has emerged showing a pack of wolves hunting a young bison in the heart of the Polish wilderness.

This rare observation indicates that bison might be more frequently preyed upon by wolves in Europe than previously believed.

“My mind was blown,” says Robin Winans from the Polish Academy of Sciences. “It was an astonishing discovery, particularly given that I didn’t anticipate wolves targeting bison when there are numerous other prey options in the forest.”

The European bison (bison bonasus) was once widespread across the continent but faced extinction in the wild early last century due to excessive hunting and habitat destruction. Thankfully, conservation efforts have rescued the species, leading to its reintroduction into the wild in the 1950s. Today, approximately 9,000 of these majestic creatures roam Europe.

Wolves have significantly resurged in Europe, with their population increasing by an impressive 58% in the last decade. Nevertheless, only a handful of confirmed cases of wolves preying on bison have been documented since their reintroduction.

Mr. Winans and his research team, including Tomasz Borowik, utilized camera traps to document the hunt in September 2025 while studying in the Białowieża Forest, a reintroduction site for European bison.

At 7:25 a.m., a pack of seven wolves initiated a hunt, targeting a herd of 11 bison. They distracted the adults while aiming for a newborn calf. During the chase, one wolf attempted to seize the calf by biting its neck, but the adult bison fiercely defended it by charging. The herd rallied to protect the calf, driving the wolf away.

The intense encounter lasted 20 minutes, yet the footage does not reveal whether the calf survived.

“Capturing a wolf-prey interaction on camera is incredibly rare; it requires precise positioning of the camera at the ideal time. This footage is an exceptional find,” says Oswald Schmitz from Yale University, who was not part of the study.

Concerns have arisen regarding bison overpopulation potentially harming habitats and farmland, while adversely affecting other wildlife. In this context, wolf predation may prove beneficial, researchers suggest.

“Even if wolf predation occurs more often than anticipated, we don’t foresee it leading to a swift decline in bison numbers. In fact, it could aid in stabilizing the population,” Winans states. “Understanding the frequency and ecological impact of these predation events would be fascinating.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the Mystery of Sloths: How an Ancient ‘Jumping Gene’ Influences Their Slow Lifestyle

Posted on June 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Sloths, along with armadillos and anteaters, are part of the genus Xenarthra, the only clade of placental mammals originating from South America. Recent research has sequenced and analyzed the chromosomal-level genome of Linnaeus’s three-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) and the Southern anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla). This study identified unique genetic elements linked to energy production in sloths, shedding light on how these remarkable creatures evolved the slowest metabolism of any mammal.

Linnaeus’s three-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) at London Zoo. Image credit: Dick Culbert / CC BY 2.0.

Xenarthrans have existed for over 65 million years, with ancestors that included gigantic sloths. Today, modern sloths are tree-dwelling creatures classified into two groups: three-toed and two-toed sloths.

These fascinating mammals primarily inhabit trees, camouflaging themselves by remaining motionless. When they move among branches to forage for leaves and fruits, their actions are characteristically slow.

Sloths boast the lowest metabolism of all mammals, often producing less than half the energy expected for their body size.

To conserve energy, sloths can switch between self-regulating their body temperature and allowing it to fluctuate with their environment.

Despite their slow nature, sloths are proficient swimmers, capable of covering considerable distances underwater in search of mates.

In a groundbreaking study, Wellcome Sanger Institute researcher Marcela Uliano Silva and her team utilized genomics to delve deeper into the unique ecology of sloths.

Dr. Uliano Silva noted, “Billions of experiments in evolution exist. By examining exotic species like sloths, we often uncover biological solutions that humans have not evolved.”

She continued, “Our genomic research revealed a ‘jump gene’ that sloths have preserved for millions of years.”

Researchers found that these sloth-specific genes are associated with mitochondria and metabolic pathways, suggesting their involvement in the sloths’ remarkably slow metabolism.

The study sequenced and analyzed the genomes of Linnaeus’s three-toed sloth and Southern anteater, uncovering several active transposable elements known as “transposons” or “jumping genes.” These DNA sequences can relocate within the genome by copying and pasting themselves.

Mapping the evolution of sloths revealed that these “jump genes” originated from the last common ancestor of all existing sloth species about 30 million years ago, being conserved and integrated into sloth-specific gene sequences.

Researchers discovered that many of these genes are linked to mitochondria, the cell’s powerhouses responsible for energy production, and metabolic pathways.

Given sloths’ unique metabolic characteristics, these specific genes are believed to play a crucial role in their adaptation to the environment and the evolution of their slow metabolism.

“Despite having the slowest metabolism, sloths remain healthy,” states Dr. Camila Mazzoni from the Leibniz Zoo and Wildlife Institute. “Understanding their cellular adaptations could provide insights into efficient energy management.”

Dr. Pedro Galante from Sirio Libanes Hospital remarked, “This research may help us understand energy production issues related to several human diseases, including diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.”

Ultimately, studying sloth cell lines could offer a natural model for understanding how organisms cope with low-energy conditions, benefiting research in medicine, aging, and even long-duration space travel.

This pioneering study is published in the journal BMC Biology.

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M. Uliano Silva et al. Increased retrocopy load and sloth-specific expansions reveal mammalian genome evolution. BMC Biol published online on May 19, 2026. doi: 10.1186/s12915-026-02632-5

Source: www.sci.news

Near Miss with Waymo: Why I Remain Optimistic About Self-Driving Cars

Posted on June 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Waymo’s Driverless Cars: A New Era for London’s Road Safety?

Richard Baker/In Pictures via Getty Images

Waymo’s autonomous vehicles have been navigating the streets of London for some time now. Currently, these cars are not ferrying passengers and are equipped with a human driver ready to take control if the situation demands. During my encounters, these AI-driven cars displayed cautious and predictable behavior, but there was a startling incident recently.

While cycling home from work, I approached a roundabout when a Waymo vehicle attempted to park right in front of me. I had the right of way, and it seemed like the car was heading straight for me without showing any signs of slowing down until it abruptly stopped.

This wasn’t the scariest experience I’ve had while biking, and I felt relatively safe because I saw it coming and was prepared. However, this incident was notable among the numerous close calls that often occur during my commutes, primarily because the driver was an AI, not a human.

Out of curiosity, I reported the time and location of the incident to Waymo, asking for clarification. In their response, an ADS (Automated Driving System) spokesperson stated, “We detected a bicycle approaching from the right side of the roundabout. The safety driver took manual control of the vehicle and applied the brakes at the roundabout entrance.” This highlighted that human intervention was necessary because the AI was not going to stop on its own.

I inquired how frequently humans have to step in during these situations in London, but Waymo reported that they don’t have that data and do not primarily use it as a performance metric. When I asked what had confused the AI, considering that my neon yellow bicycle was highly visible, I received no response.

Other cyclists in London reported positive experiences with Waymo’s behavior around them, though one mentioned a specific instance where a roadwork sign stating “narrow lanes—no overtaking cyclists” seemed to confuse the vehicle, leading it to pass uncomfortably close. Simon Munk from the London Cycling Campaign emphasized that, overall, these cars exhibit cautious behavior around cyclists.

Last year, I reflected on AI drivers when I discovered their introduction to London streets. I pondered whether having AI drivers, albeit imperfect, could be safer than human drivers who may be tired, distracted, or hostile. Having previously been knocked off my bike by human drivers, my reservations about Waymo still stand. Interestingly, the same AI driver once managed to navigate through police tape blocking a roadway, although the company claimed at the time that it was being monitored by a human.

While I harbor doubts about AI effectively navigating amidst human traffic, I also have a lack of trust in human drivers. The capacity for AI to learn quickly is encouraging, and advancements in sensor technology will further enhance their hazard detection capabilities. Whether AI drivers are safer than human counterparts remains to be seen; however, I believe they hold promise for the future.

Munk articulated that the rise of self-driving cars presents both advantages and challenges for cyclists and pedestrians, with the potential to make roads safer or, conversely, further endanger vulnerable road users. He noted that while Waymo has made strides in cities like San Francisco, London presents an entirely different level of complexity and unpredictability. Munk proudly shared a video showcasing one of Waymo’s cars adeptly navigating a chaotic San Francisco intersection, but admitted that his daily commute faced far worse traffic conditions.

Additionally, Munk expressed concern that once these self-driving cars commence operations, future software updates could alter their behavior, even if they initially seem safe. It’s essential that driverless cars undergo continuous monitoring to ensure safety and accountability for public welfare.

Other players in the self-driving car industry are expected to enter the London market soon. Wayve’s driverless taxis are anticipated to arrive in the upcoming months, though their approach remains uncertain. As with human drivers, the safety levels of AI can vary significantly; corporations design AI behaviors based on desired outcomes. Last year, Waymo even adjusted its algorithms, leading the vehicles to behave like “aggressive New York taxi drivers” to mitigate traffic congestion, a move that unsettled many San Francisco residents.

We have also witnessed dubious proposals aimed at alleviating road safety concerns, like suggesting pedestrians wear special vests to enhance visibility for autonomous vehicles.

Munk raised thought-provoking questions about the future: “In five or ten years, if these scenarios become commonplace, will companies prioritize speeding up passenger transit at the potential cost of safety?” This emphasizes the critical need for caution in developing and integrating AI in public transportation.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Robots Will Soon Surpass Armed Soldiers as Key Decision-Makers in Warfare

Posted on June 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

“Legit” Unmanned Ground Vehicles in Ukraine

Oleksandr Klimenko/Ukrinform/NurPhoto/Getty Images

The prevailing notion among military strategists globally is that despite the advent of new technologies, the infantry remains crucial. As British Army officer Field Marshal Archibald Wavell noted after World War II: “Every battle, every war, is ultimately won by the infantry.” However, this perspective is beginning to evolve.

In Ukraine, the integration of robots into combat scenarios is nearing a pivotal moment. The company recently commenced mass production of an affordable robot dubbed *Legit*, capable of supporting a machine gun. This development follows their announcement to exchange one third of the infantry with unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) in specific sectors.

“Even an imperfect system can be valuable if it absorbs risk on behalf of soldiers,” states Oleksandra Molloy from the University of New South Wales, Australia.

<p>The frontlines in Ukraine serve as a critical testing ground for robotic warfare. Casualties are most prevalent there, underscoring the necessity of machines in tasks traditionally performed by humans. Yet, frontline positions often have few soldiers, primarily monitoring ditches and minefields. Drones handle most intelligence-gathering tasks, leading one Ukrainian soldier to remark that their presence was only at the behest of the “old general” seeking personnel on the ground.</p>
<p>Can robots defend the line independently? Ukrainian military commander Mykola Zinkevich asserts they are already doing so. He revealed that UGVs, resembling quad bikes, are remotely operated at speeds of about 6 kilometers per hour, holding down front-line positions for up to 45 days while engaging Russian forces.</p>
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<p>With no soldiers stationed at combat positions, the *DevDroid* periodically returns for battery changes and magazine refills, marking a shift from their previous use of merely transporting supplies to now being outfitted with remote-controlled machine gun turrets.</p>
<p>The upcoming challenge for UGVs involves offensive tactics, complicated by their limited maneuverability. A milestone in 2024 will be Ukraine's first-ever assault executed entirely by robots. Although two machines became stuck while navigating obstacles, the operation effectively captured Russian positions.</p>
<p>Since then, Ukraine has maintained limited UGV operations, refining military strategies around robotic deployment. Reports indicate that these robotic assaults have substantially reduced casualties.<a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2026/05/30/europe/ukraine-robots-drones-russia-war-intl">Estimates suggest</a> significant lives saved in the process.</p>
<p>In April, President Volodymyr Zelenskiy announced an ambitious plan to ramp up UGV production to 50,000 units by 2026, a 50% increase from the previous year, stating: "Everyone must understand: This is about saving lives."</p>
<p>No groundbreaking technological innovations have precipitated this moment; UGVs are straightforward robots managed by human operators. The US has deployed, though not actively used, <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559521/Armed-robots-to-go-to-war-in-Iraq.html">similar armed robots</a>. However, the pressure on Ukraine to effectively test these robots heightens due to its superior troop numbers compared to Russian forces, which also limits Russian automation experiments.</p>
<p>The financial aspect is manageable; the *Legit* robot costs around $11,400, leveraging components from hoverboards and electric scooters. This affordability enables the use of these risk-resistant machines for offensive operations or last-ditch defense efforts.</p>

<p>“Grace is rarely rewarded on the battlefield,” claims Molloy. “Victory favors survivability, redundancy, low cost, and mass production.”</p>
<p>Andriy Biletsky, commander of Ukraine's III Corps, envisions an era where robots constitute 80% of Ukraine's combat strength.</p>
<p>Current wheeled and tracked UGV models struggle in urban terrains or building interiors, a challenge that might evolve with technological advances. The US military is exploring humanoid robots for “infiltration operations,” employing explosives for breaches. While today's humanoid robots are somewhat cumbersome, manufacturers, including Elon Musk's Tesla, anticipate the viability of agile, AI-driven humanoids.<a href="https://www.teslarati.com/elon-musk-shares-big-tesla-optimus-3-production-update/">Mass production might be viable within two years</a>.</p>
<p>“UGVs won't replace military personnel; they’ll assist in their deployment, redeployment, and enhance their skills,” states Molloy.</p>
<p>While advances toward AI-powered autonomous machines could present operational efficiencies, they also pose ethical challenges.</p>
<p>The future success of Ukraine's UGVs remains uncertain, with some arguing that trench warfare provides an easier environment for robots than other conflict types. Nonetheless, the rise of robotic soldiers in Ukraine could herald a transformative era in modern warfare.</p>

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Iron Age Britons: Evidence of Brain Removal Practices in Burial Rituals

Posted on June 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Skull fragment (left) and scapula (right) of a woman buried in Lough Boralee, UK

Credit: Rebecca Ellis-Haken

Iron Age Burial Discovery — Skull fragment (left) and scapula (right) of a woman buried in Lough Boralee, UK

Credit: Rebecca Ellis-Haken

Unusual scratches found on the interior of a woman’s skull, discovered in Scotland and dated to 2,000 years ago, indicate that brain removal may have been a part of Iron Age funerary traditions in Britain.

The Iron Age in Britain, spanning from around 800 BC until the Roman conquest in 43 AD, remains shrouded in mystery due to the scarcity of preserved human remains from that era.

Evidence shows that many individuals from this time were buried alongside their maternal relatives rather than their spouses. Excavations at Iron Age sites like Suddern Farm and Danebury in southern England reveal that bodies were sometimes exhumed after burial, or left exposed until final interment, suggesting complex funerary practices.
The findings suggest a rich cultural tradition surrounding death.

A research team led by Laura Castells Navarro from the University of York reevaluated remains of an adult woman and a teenage boy buried in a low cairn at Loch Borralee in Scotland. These remains were initially excavated in 2000, with both individuals estimated to have died between 50 BC and 70 AD.

The team discovered distinct striae and abrasions inside the woman’s skull. According to Castells-Navarro, this suggests purposeful brain removal.

“The scratches are so regular and straight that they likely result from the use of a sharp tool,” Castells-Navarro explains.
Adele Bricking of the Museum of Wales commented on the significance of these findings, stating that the uniformity of the marks indicates intentional manipulation.

However, Richard Maggwick, a professor at Cardiff University, expresses caution, suggesting that while the marks indicate manipulation, it remains uncertain if they definitively relate to brain removal.

The study also revealed that some of the woman’s long bones, including the femur, tapered towards their tips, possibly indicating they were crafted into tools.

Castells-Navarro posits, “They likely took a long bone, broke it in half, and processed it until it tapered smoothly.” Conversely, Maggwick suggests these bones may have been incidental to tool-making rather than intentional modifications.

Despite speculation around the purpose behind these bone alterations, the woman’s remains were ultimately reassembled and placed in a cairn, indicating a respect for her identity.

This research provides valuable insights into relationships between the living and the dead during the Iron Age.
Andrew Lamb from the University of Edinburgh highlights parallels with postmortem practices found throughout Europe, suggesting a complex view of death and identity in prehistoric societies.

Furthermore, genetic analysis of the individuals revealed they were likely second cousins on the maternal side, and connected to Iron Age communities from Orkney and Applecross. This agrees with archaeological findings of maritime trade and cultural exchanges during the Iron Age.

Lamb notes these communities likely used small wooden-framed boats for navigation, which were suitable for coastal sailing.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Experience the Incredible Speed of Your Current Movement Through Space

Posted on June 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Movement is a relative concept, gaining significance only when we compare the motion of one object against another. This is why determining our precise speed through space proves challenging.

Thanks to the Earth’s rotation, speed (relative to the Earth’s center) varies by latitude, peaking at 1,670 km/h (1,040 mph). Meanwhile, the Earth’s orbital speed around the Sun reaches a remarkable 109,000 km/h (67,700 mph).

As our solar system orbits the Milky Way’s center, it travels at an impressive 828,000 km/h (514,000 mph).

These velocities are subject to change in direction relative to one another, making it impractical to simply add them for an overall speed calculation.

Nonetheless, we can define speed in relation to the cosmic microwave background (CMB), a faint radiation remnant from the Big Bang.

Our speed relative to the CMB measures approximately 1,332,000 km/h (828,000 mph) towards a point in the constellation Leo.

Moreover, because the Sun orbits the Milky Way in a direction opposite to the galaxy’s movement through space, the Milky Way itself moves at about 2,257,200 km/h (1,402,560 mph) relative to the CMB.

This speed may seem astonishing, yet your movement relative to the CMB is only around 0.1% of the speed of light. Consequently, time passes roughly 15.7 seconds slower each year compared to the CMB reference frame.

This article responds to the inquiry from Keith Thompson of Warrington: “How fast am I traveling right now?”

If you have any questions, feel free to contact us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a message Facebook, Twitter or Instagram (please include your name and location).

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New Horned Turtle Species Discovered in Fossil Find in Patagonia

Posted on June 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have discovered a new species of Maioraniformes turtle, named Patagoniaemys aeschyli, that inhabited northern Patagonia, Argentina, during the Maastrichtian era, just before the catastrophic asteroid impact that led to the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs.

Artist’s impression of Patagoniaemys aeschyli. Image credit: Nawel Vazquez / Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ / CONICET.

The recently identified turtle species thrived in what is now Patagonia during the Maastrichtian period of the Late Cretaceous, roughly 72 to 67 million years ago.

Patagoniaemys aeschyli is part of a lineage that encompasses some of the rarest turtles ever documented.

These Maioraniformes are highlighted for their heavily armored bodies and, in certain species, distinctive horned skulls.

“Maioraniformes encompass a group of turtles, including the well-known horned species like Nicolamia argentina from Patagonia and Meiolania platypus from Australia,” explained lead author Dr. Federico Agnolin, a paleontologist associated with Bernardino Rivadavia Museum of Natural Sciences, Maimonides University, and CONICET.

“These turtles are recognized from the Lower Cretaceous to the Pleistocene across southern continents, including South America, Australia, and New Caledonia.”

The fossilized remains of Patagoniaemys aeschyli were excavated from the Los Alamitos Formation in Río Negro, Argentina.

The specimen includes parts of a skull, shell fragments, vertebrae, and a limb bone, making it one of the most significant discoveries of meioraniids in the region.

Paleontologists estimate that the carapace of Patagoniaemys aeschyli measured around 80 centimeters (approximately 2.6 feet) in length.

Unlike its later relatives, its shell was wide and relatively low, contrasting with the domed shells often observed in other turtle species.

“The shell is relatively robust at the base of the marginal plates, featuring a series of tough ridges, particularly towards the rear,” noted the researchers.

“The exterior surface of the shell is characterized by small holes and grooves.”

In addition to identifying this new species, the scientists examined how turtles managed to survive during the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event, which occurred 66 million years ago.

The study of Patagonia’s fossil diversity revealed that some turtle lineages endured the transition from the Cretaceous to the Paleogene periods.

The discovery of Patagoniaemys aeschyli confirmed the presence of at least two Maioraniformes in the latest Cretaceous period of southern South America.

“The remarkable taxonomic continuity between Maastrichtian and Danian populations suggests that the end-Cretaceous extinction event did not significantly impact Patagonian turtles, indicating lineage persistence and minimal turnover among southern Chelonians,” concluded the scientists.

A detailed description of this discovery was published in the journal Acta Paleontologica Polonica on March 26, 2026. Read the paper here.

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Federico L. Agnolin et al. 2026. A new species of Maioraniformes turtle from the Maastrichtian region of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 71 (1): 173-184; doi: 10.4202/app.01268.2025

Source: www.sci.news

Astronomers Search for Alien Radio Signals from Interstellar Object 3I/ATLAS

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The SETI Institute’s Allen Telescope Array is a 42-element radio interferometer located at the Hat Creek Radio Astronomy Observatory in Hat Creek, California. Astronomers have been searching for artificial radio transmissions from the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS but have only detected man-made interference.

This image from the Subaru Telescope features the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS and is provided by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.

3I/ATLAS is the third confirmed object to enter our solar system from another star system, following 1I/’Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov.

While evidence strongly suggests that 3I/ATLAS is a natural object, interstellar visitors also serve as intriguing technosignature targets, as artificial objects could indicate detectable extraterrestrial technology and potentially provide the first proof of extraterrestrial life.

“On July 1, 2025, 3I/ATLAS, initially classified as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS), was discovered by the Asteroid-Earth Impact Final Alert System (ATLAS) in Rio Hurtado, Chile,” stated Dr. Sofia Sheikh from the SETI Institute and her colleagues.

“Numerous telescopes globally are tracking the orbit of 3I/ATLAS, revealing significant cometary activity through continued monitoring.”

“If this object is indeed a comet, as anticipated based on initial characterizations, it should contain volatiles and develop a prominent tail after passing perihelion.”

“Initial observations indicated that the object appeared red and developed a coma due to its luminescence as it neared the Sun.”

“Despite reaching perihelion on October 29, 2025, observations from Earth were notably affected from September to early November due to its proximity to the Sun.”

“There remains much to learn about this interstellar visitor, so the ability to observe it during its approach represents a significant scientific advantage.”

5.29 Output waterfall plot from a 3I/ATLAS observation, showing no signals exceeding the SNR ratio threshold. This signal exhibited unblanked frequencies, an acceptable drift rate, and appears to be truly narrowband. Nevertheless, the SNR of the signal is similar both on-beam and off-beam, suggesting local interference sources within the provided quota for fixed satellite services (Earth-to-space). Image credit: Sheikh et al., doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ae6651.

During this observation campaign, astronomers spent over seven hours analyzing 3I/ATLAS using the Allen Telescope Array, targeting frequencies from 1 to 9 GHz.

Approximately 74 million narrowband signals were identified. After excluding interference and filtering out signals matching the object’s motion, around 200 signals remained for further analysis.

This reinforces the notion that the observed signals primarily derive from Earth’s surface technology or its orbiting satellites.

Despite no technosignatures being found, this investigation established new constraints indicating that 3I/ATLAS is a natural object.

This observation sets an upper limit on the radio transmitters’ power on or near 3I/ATLAS, filtering out signals stronger than around 10 to 110 watts (similar to household appliances) across the detected frequencies.

“The findings from 3I/ATLAS demonstrate the feasibility of detecting signals with current technology,” remarked Dr. Valeria García López, an astronomer at Furman University and director of the Breakthrough Listening Initiative.

“This underlines the importance of searching for technosignatures, even in objects where we might not anticipate any signals.”

The team’s research will be published in Astronomy Magazine.

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Sophia Z. Sheikh et al. 2026. “Retrieval of Radiotechnical Signatures from Interstellar Object 3I/ATLAS Using the Allen Telescope Array.” A.J. 172, 1; doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ae6651

Source: www.sci.news

Discover Over 11,500 Years of History Uncovered in Spanish Cave Reserve

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent radiocarbon dating at Sala Queimada, an elusive chamber in Cueva Palomera, located in northern Spain’s Burgos province, reveals that generations of humans frequented this sacred site from the end of the Ice Age to the Iron Age, leaving behind significant artifacts, structures, and offerings.

Sala Queimada at Cueva Palomera, Burgos, Spain. Image credit: Ortega-Martinez et al., doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105818.

According to lead author Dr. Ana Isabel Ortega Martínez, a researcher at the Instituto Fernán González, Royal Academy of History and Art of Burgos, “Cueva Palomera serves as the primary entrance to the Ojo Guareña cave system, which houses the majority of the rock art within the region.”

“Sala Queimada is situated on the third floor of the cave, approximately 290 meters from the entrance,” she added.

Accessing this chamber involves navigating a crawl space, which has dimensions of 13 meters wide and only 0.2 meters high.

The recent study involved obtaining 18 new radiocarbon dates from charcoal samples, drawings, and bone remains found throughout Sala Queimada.

The oldest artifacts date back to around 13,700 years ago, indicating the site’s use during the Upper Paleolithic.

The most recent discovery is that of a domestic piglet, whose bones, found in a rocky pool, date back to the Iron Age, approximately 2,100 years ago, suggesting it may have been a ritual offering.

Additionally, evidence indicates repeated visitations during the Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Bronze Ages.

Importantly, each generation appeared to respect the artwork left by their ancestors, preserving older creations while adding new markings and paintings.

“One notable discovery is a complex structure comprised of two large limestone slabs held upright against each other and supported by smaller stones,” the scientists reported.

“The primary slab, measuring 1.5 meters in length, features a meticulously shaped upper edge that creates a pointed profile resembling animal figures facing the main artwork panel.”

“This slab and its supporting stones show carvings and charcoal marks that indicate significant human activity around the area.”

The structure bears similarities to another Paleolithic slab found in the Tito Bustillo Cave (Ribadesella, Asturias) but is larger in size.

This discovery adds Sala Queimada to an expanding list of prehistoric cave sites across the Iberian Peninsula, where ancient people returned for centuries to what they regarded as sacred locations.

“It’s significant that eight different usage stages were identified in Sala Queimada, making it one of the most challenging and secluded sanctuaries within Cueva Palomera,” noted the authors.

“This indicates that over millennia, humans not only utilized the entrance area as a habitat but also made numerous visits to this intricate underground environment.”

For further details, refer to the findings published in the May 23rd issue of the Journal of Archaeological Science: Report.

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Ana Isabel Ortega-Martinez et al. 2026. Sala Queimada: Another Paleolithic sanctuary in Cueva Palomera, Ojo Guareña (Burgos, Spain). Archaeology Journal: Report 73: 105818; doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105818

Source: www.sci.news

Why Quantum Physics Matters to Us Personally: Understanding Its Impact on Everyday Life

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Embracing Quantum Physics: A New Perspective on Life

Kamil SD / Alamy

In December 2019, I faced a life-threatening ordeal caused by dental issues. A debilitating toothache escalated into a major health crisis, leading to a week in intensive care. After recovery, I needed answers: Was it personal negligence, sheer bad luck, or a flaw in the U.S. healthcare system? Confused and distressed, I turned to the field that has always offered me profound insights: quantum physics.

Physics, the oldest science, has roots in early astronomy. It provides a robust and objective framework for interpreting our universe. Through meticulous analysis and empirical evidence, physics dissects the world into components and reassembles them into a comprehensible whole. Unlike emotions, physics is impartial—no one escapes the grasp of a black hole. Yet, I’ve always perceived physics as a personal journey.

In my book Entangled States: Life Based on Quantum Physics, I invite readers to embrace this personal connection. I illustrate how viewing the objective through a subjective lens can be transformative.

Consider my dental crisis. After my hospital stay, I grappled with the causes of my condition. Was it my fault for avoiding the dentist? Or was it beyond my control due to my status as a financially strained graduate student? Juggling these contradictory narratives left me more baffled.

A discussion with a physicist specializing in quantum causality brought unexpected clarity. I learned about “quantum switches,” a concept allowing for multiple causal relationships to coexist through superposition. Despite some skepticism, experiments with light particles support this theory. Some researchers propose applying quantum switches in new technologies like quantum computers for enhanced performance.

As a physicist, I recognize that light behaves quite differently from larger, warmer entities like myself. Yet, the notion of a quantum switch, where both “A causes B” and “B causes A” unfold simultaneously, resonated deeply with my dental dilemma.

This perspective brought peace and influenced my choices. I now prioritize dental visits and advocate for improved conditions, including dental insurance, for graduate students.

In Entangled States, I delve into numerous examples that highlight how quantum physics has helped me navigate personal challenges. My experiences as a queer individual, a young immigrant, and a high school teacher intertwine with the lessons I’ve learned from quantum physics, both as an academic and a journalist.

Engaging with the cutting edge of science in the realm of quantum physics has profoundly impacted me. By merging its emotional resonance with objective scientific inquiry, I have enriched my life and grown as an individual. I encourage you to approach quantum concepts not just as abstract phenomena but as potential catalysts for personal reflection.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Frozen Squirrel Feces: A Unique Source for Preserving Ancient DNA from Hundreds of Species

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Arctic ground squirrels forage for diverse food sources to stock their burrows.

Credit: Yukon Government

Recent analyses of DNA preserved in ancient frozen feces have unveiled a diverse ecosystem from 700,000 years ago, featuring species like woolly mammoths, bison, horses, and big cats.

The Arctic ground squirrel (Urositels parii) is a rodent measuring approximately 40 centimeters, inhabiting cold regions across North America and Siberia—historically linked by land bridges known as Beringia.

“Arctic ground squirrels hibernate for about eight months a year, so during their active four months, they venture out to forage and store resources in their burrows,” states Tyler Murchy from the Hakai Institute, Campbell River, Canada.

This foraging behavior results in their burrows often housing substantial amounts of feces and food, effectively making them “nature’s archivist,” according to Murchy. He and his team analyzed saprolites—preserved feces—frozen in permafrost from 13 Arctic ground squirrel burrows located in central Yukon, Canada.

Estimated to date back between 30,000 and 700,000 years, these burrows served as crucial sites for extracting DNA from various organisms present in the feces, which measured around 1 to 2 centimeters long.

The findings revealed a wealth of biodiversity, including microorganisms, over 200 different plant species, insects, other rodents, and large mammals such as woolly mammoths, horses, gray wolves, steppe bison, and lynx. An American cheetah or a cougar also inhabited this ecosystem. “All these organisms represent life from the Bering Ice Age,” Murchy remarks.

Contrary to popular belief, ground squirrels do not exclusively consume nuts and seeds. “They are actually quite omnivorous and have even been reported to scavenge on moose and lynx carcasses,” Murchy explains. Therefore, the discovery of such large animals in coprolites is not unexpected.

Ancient dung pellets from Arctic ground squirrels discovered in Yukon Territory, Canada

Credit: Duane Froese, University of Alberta

Utilizing the DNA extracted, Murchie and colleagues reconstructed the mitochondrial genomes of various species from different eras, including 12 ground squirrels—one lineage tracing back 700,000 years—three horses, two bison, and one hare. They also gathered enough DNA to reconstruct the genomes of six woolly mammoths, with further details pending publication.

“These remarkably preserved specimens showcase the ecological diversity of Yukon throughout history,” says Kelsey Witt of Clemson University, South Carolina.

Determining whether the DNA from any given species is present in coprolites because it was consumed by ground squirrels or because it existed in the environment can be challenging. However, the abundance of DNA within the samples and the scavenging behavior of the squirrels suggest they likely consumed mammoth meat, Witt concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

NASA Unveils Astronaut Crew for Artemis III Mission to Test Innovative Lunar Lander

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

NASA has released the names of the four astronauts chosen for the Artemis III mission, marking a significant milestone in its ambitious plan to return humans to the moon.

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Astronauts Randy Bresnik, Luca Parmitano, Frank Rubio, and Andre Douglas are set for launch into Earth orbit next year as part of testing initiatives for commercially developed lunar landers that will transport NASA astronauts to the moon’s surface by 2028. Bresnik will co-lead the mission with Parmitano, an astronaut from the European Space Agency, while Douglas and Rubio will serve as mission specialists. NASA astronaut Bob Hines will also train with the crew as a backup.

The competition to build the lunar lander for the Artemis III mission includes Elon Musk’s SpaceX and Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin. Both companies confirmed on Tuesday their timelines align for having the lander ready.

“This test flight will showcase our ability to conduct meticulously planned operations with partners in a high-stakes space environment, which includes hardware interfaces, software propulsion systems, and crew life support,” stated Jeremy Parsons, NASA’s Artemis program manager.

Parsons noted that the Artemis III mission is projected to last about two weeks—approximately four days longer than the recently completed Artemis II mission. This serves as the final test before NASA’s goal of landing a crew on the moon during Artemis IV.

“Every aspect of Artemis III provides insights to refine our plans for Artemis IV,” Parsons explained. “This mission is purposefully designed to take calculated risks, ensuring the safety and success of future lunar crews.”

The overarching goal of NASA’s Artemis program is to establish a sustainable human presence on the moon. This year, NASA revealed plans to allocate $20 billion to facilitate the construction of a lunar base.

Originally, NASA intended for Artemis III to land astronauts on the moon, but following an overhaul by NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman, the mission now focuses on testing docking operations with lunar landers.

The Artemis III crew will remain close to Earth, testing rendezvous and docking maneuvers with lunar landers from SpaceX and/or Blue Origin. These operations are vital for the program, as the chosen lander must rendezvous with the Orion spacecraft, which previously carried the Artemis II crew, while orbiting the moon.

If it all goes as planned, NASA could achieve its first moon landing in over 50 years, potentially ahead of China, which has announced its own plans to send astronauts to the moon by 2030.

Parsons confirmed that critical components of the Artemis III program are progressing as planned. For instance, a newly designed heat shield has been built and tested for NASA’s Orion spacecraft.

“Our upgraded heat shields have been thoroughly inspected and are prepared for installation,” Parsons said.

Nonetheless, Blue Origin’s readiness is a point of concern due to a recent setback where one of its rockets exploded during an engine test at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, damaging facilities essential for launching its lunar module.

“Production of the Artemis III Mark February crew module and essential systems is advancing well. Our manufacturing facilities are operational around the clock,” stated Blue Origin’s John Couris. “The vehicle is scheduled for completion and anticipated readiness for launch in 2027.”

Days prior to the explosion, NASA had engaged Blue Origin for an unmanned lunar mission intended to deliver a payload later this year, marking the beginning of a series of robotic missions aimed at preparing for human landings and scouting lunar resources.

For the Artemis III launch, NASA will utilize the same framework as for Artemis II, sending the newly announced crew into space aboard the Orion spacecraft, which will be launched using a Space Launch System rocket from the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Unraveling a Cosmic Case of Mistaken Identity: The Time to Solve It is Now

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Galaxy MoM-z14: A “Cosmic Miracle” Discovered

J. DePasquale (STScI)

Galaxy MoM-z14: A “Cosmic Miracle” Discovered

J. DePasquale (STScI)

Scientists have long debated the mysteries of the cosmos, and we are privileged to live in a thrilling era for galaxy research. Despite potential cutbacks in research funding in the US and UK, our comprehension of the universe continues to grow. Since its launch on Christmas Day 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has dramatically transformed our understanding of ancient galaxies. Contrary to previous cosmological models, these galaxies are proving to be significantly brighter and filled with hot gas and stars.

Observations from JWST are truly groundbreaking. We are now able to study galaxies that formed just 300 million years post-Big Bang. While that may sound like a vast period, in the grand timeline of the universe—approximately 14 billion years—it’s merely the infancy of cosmic evolution. For context, I am 43 years old, which correlates to 2.14% of my lifespan when I was under one year old.

Rohan P. Naidu and a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology identified a remarkable galaxy last year, named MoM-z14. Their research paper describes MoM-z14 as a “cosmic miracle,” brighter than anticipated for its early stage in cosmic history. Such observations have only recently been possible, as prior telescopes lacked the capability to detect these faint objects due to their incredible distance. Paradoxically, while MoM-z14 appears dim through conventional telescopes, it emits more light than anticipated based on theoretical constructs.

Nevertheless, the unexpected brightness of these galaxies raises a crucial question: how can we confirm that what we’re observing is indeed a galaxy? In April of this year, Marcia Bradaci and an international team from the University of California, Davis, meticulously analyzed the JWST data. In a paper currently pending peer review, they suggest that two of the young, bright objects identified by JWST are not galaxies at all but rather brown dwarfs within our Milky Way. In other words, what we initially thought of as distant galaxies turned out to be star-like objects much closer to home.

The findings were surprising. If one were to consider what opposes a galaxy, brown dwarfs would be a prime candidate. Too large to evolve into gas giants like Jupiter, yet too small to achieve stellar nuclear fusion, a brown dwarf occupies a unique niche—and could fit comfortably within our solar system. In other words, brown dwarfs are compact compared to a galaxy sprawling with billions of stars. Only time will tell if Bradaci’s conclusions hold true and whether observations of other ancient galaxies are marred by similar misconceptions.

However, we are well-equipped to investigate these celestial enigmas. I predict that 2026 will emerge as a landmark year for astronomy. Despite governmental obstacles, Chile’s Vera C. Rubin Observatory is set to commence a 10-year space-time legacy survey, offering detailed mapping of the Southern Hemisphere sky and imaging over 5 billion galaxies. This initiative will coincide with JWST’s operations and NASA’s upcoming flagship observatory, the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. Roman will also complement the European Space Agency’s Euclid mission, projected to image hundreds of millions of galaxies. The combined efforts of JWST, Rubin, Roman, and Euclid could revolutionize our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Chicxulub Asteroid Impact Site: The Millions of Years of Heat That Wiped Out the Dinosaurs

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Diagram of the Chicxulub Asteroid Impact, 66 Million Years Ago

Mark Garlick/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

The catastrophic Chicxulub asteroid impact, which occurred 66 million years ago, released immense energy and took at least 8 million years for the impact site to stabilize, fostering a warm underground ecosystem thriving with microbes.

Hitting what is now Mexico, the Chicxulub asteroid measured approximately 15 kilometers in diameter and triggered significant climatic shifts, resulting in the extinction of about 75% of Earth’s species. All non-avian dinosaurs faced extinction as a nuclear winter enveloped the planet for a minimum of 15 years.

Even the depths of the Earth felt the aftermath. “The Chicxulub impact caused deformation detectable up to 35 kilometers below the Earth’s surface,” explains Annemaire Pickersgill from the University of Glasgow.

This impact melted approximately 10,000 cubic kilometers of rock, and the interaction of molten rock with seawater resulted in hydrothermal systems rich in small pockets of heated water.

Research indicates the asteroid created a hydrothermal environment that extended several kilometers underground, as certain minerals only form in the presence of liquid water and heat. Surprisingly, the durations and extents of these hydrothermal systems appear to have been underestimated.

Previously thought to cool within 2 million years, Pickersgill’s research suggests the cooling process may have taken at least four times longer, providing more time for hydrothermal life to thrive.

“A major uncertainty regarding impact-generated hydrothermal systems like Chicxulub is how long the heat circulates water within the structure,” notes Pickersgill.

To investigate further, the research team drilled one kilometer into the crater, collecting rock cores. By analyzing the potassium decay into argon gas, they determined the age of the samples.

“Our findings showcase a range of ages from the impact event 66 million years ago to around 58 million years ago,” Pickersgill reports. “This implies hydrothermal activity persisted in at least some parts of the Chicxulub structure for 8 million years post-impact.”

Exploring sulfur isotopes in the rock cores indicates that microorganisms inhabited the hydrothermal system and exhibited rapid recovery following the cataclysm.

These findings imply that habitable hydrothermal conditions may have existed in early impact craters on young Earth and potentially on other celestial bodies for much longer than previously recognized.

“This opens up additional avenues for life to develop, evolve, and spread,” Pickersgill emphasizes. “The study bolsters the idea that early life could have established long-term habitats in impact craters, which may also extend to life on other planets characterized by large impact features.”

Chris Kirkland from Curtin University, Perth, Australia, adds that while there isn’t a definitive record of continued hydrothermal activity at Chicxulub, strong evidence suggests the site remained thermally active for millions of years.

“The significant impact doesn’t merely devastate the environment; it also creates long-lived underground systems that facilitate the circulation of hot fluids through fractured rock. These chemically rich environments could offer refuge to microorganisms and provide conducive conditions for the early steps toward life,” he concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discovering the Secrets: How the Pyramids Were Built Revealed

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The remarkable ability of ancient Egyptians to construct the Great Pyramid of Giza, without modern machinery, has fascinated and puzzled scholars for decades.

Recent insights from researcher Vicente Luis Rosell Roig suggest a resolution to this long-standing mystery. He provides mathematical evidence to support his claims: Nature. Roig proposes that an innovative system of spiral, uneven ramps was utilized to transport the massive stones used in the construction.

As Egypt’s largest pyramid, the Great Pyramid of Giza was erected around 2560 BC as a tomb for Pharaoh Khufu. This monumental structure comprises approximately 2.3 million stone blocks, each weighing between 2.5 to 15 tons.

For the pyramid to be completed within Khufu’s 27-year reign, a stone block would need to be placed every three minutes on average. However, debates continue over how this colossal structure was achieved in such a short time.

Some theories propose the use of external lamps, although such ramps would require significant materials, with no substantial archaeological evidence to support these claims.

Alternatively, another theory posits that a single ramp may have been built into the pyramid, spiraling upwards and filled from the top down as construction progressed.

However, Roig’s mathematical modeling suggests that using a single ramp would extend the construction time to nearly 50 years.

Instead, he argues for the use of four concave ramps spiraling around the pyramid simultaneously, each starting from distinct points near the base. His computer-generated model indicates that this method could align with the 27-year completion timeframe.

4-lamp parallel IER configuration (3D rendering). Image credit: npj Heritage Science (npj Herit. Sci.)

“This is a fascinating explanation regarding the structure of the pyramids,” remarked Dr. Roland Enmarch, a reader in Egyptology at the University of Liverpool. “Further verification with more evidence and scans of the structural anomalies at the corners where the ramp direction would have suddenly changed is necessary.”

“Nevertheless, it appears quite plausible. The Great Pyramid of Giza is neither the oldest nor the last pyramid, which may also provide insights into the construction of other pyramids.”

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Milky Way’s Missing Black Hole Wind Discovered by Astronomers: Key Findings Revealed

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

After five decades of extensive research, astronomers have discovered compelling evidence that Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole with 4.3 million solar masses at the heart of the Milky Way galaxy, is emitting hot cosmic winds. These winds are shaping a vast cavity close to the galaxy’s center.

This image illustrates the winds emanating from Sagittarius A*. The central white dot marks a supermassive black hole. The orange data from ALMA indicates the position of cold carbon monoxide gas, while the blue data from Chandra shows hot, X-ray-emitting gas. The large conical cavity represents a region devoid of cold gas with intense hot gas emissions. Image credits: NASA / CXC / UMass / Wang et al. / ALMA / ESO / National Astronomical Observatory of Japan / NRAO / Longmore et al. / Miniti et al.

Theoretical physics suggests that as black holes devour matter, they generate winds or jets. Even minimal amounts of gas falling into a black hole can produce enough energy to expel matter outward.

Until recent observations, the winds from Sagittarius A*, our galaxy’s central black hole, had never been distinctly identified.

Astronomers utilized years of detailed observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) to analyze the cold gas within several light-years of the black hole.

By eliminating the bright radio emissions from the black hole, researchers unveiled a vast cone-shaped void in the cold gas, directly aligned with the black hole. This phenomenon serves as clear evidence of substantial, hot winds expelled from Sagittarius A*.

“Unless a black hole exists in a complete vacuum, some form of wind should be present,” stated Dr. Mark Gorsky, an astronomer at Northwestern University.

“However, there is no absolute vacuum in space.”

“These observations represent the first time we can distinctly identify wind signatures,” Dr. Gorsky added.

“As we analyzed the data, we realized, ‘This is it. This is what scientists have been searching for over the past 50 years.’”

Over five years, Dr. Gorski and colleague Dr. Lena Murchikova mapped radiation from carbon monoxide, a key indicator of cold molecular gases, within approximately 1 parsec (or 3 light-years) of Sagittarius A*.

The careful modeling and subtraction of the black hole’s rapidly varying radio emissions allowed researchers to discern faint and complex structures in the surrounding gas.

“For the first time, we’ve confirmed that a black hole is being fed molecular gas very close to it,” explained Dr. Murchikova from Northwestern University.

“The winds are moderate, and their direction may fluctuate over time.”

“This discovery indicates that our black hole is not an isolated phenomenon, nor is our position in the universe unique.”

Data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory confirmed the presence of hot gas in the same vicinity, verifying that this outflow was indeed from a black hole and not from a neighboring star.

“Exceptional claims necessitate exceptional evidence,” Dr. Gorski noted.

“We were cautious to ensure we weren’t misinterpreting an image artifact, and the X-ray images from Chandra corroborated our findings. The molecular signatures aligned perfectly.”

The ALMA map boasts approximately 100 times greater depth and 80 times sharper resolution than previous carbon monoxide images in the region, making it the most sensitive and highest-resolution map of cold gas surrounding Sagittarius A* to date.

Researchers estimate that these winds have been active for at least 20,000 years, though they are relatively calm in comparison to the dramatic jets observed in other galaxies.

“Most galaxies remain relatively dormant throughout their lifetimes,” Dr. Murchikova commented.

“However, we only observe them during these explosive episodes.”

“While it’s captivating to study black holes during these outburst phases, they represent a brief segment of their overall existence.”

“Sagittarius A* has finally opened a window into the life of this otherwise silent black hole.”

The team’s findings will be published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

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Mark D. Gorski and Lena Murchikova. 2026. Discovery of active winds from the central black hole of the Milky Way Galaxy. APJL 1004, L7; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae63cf

Source: www.sci.news

Achure’s Expert Toolmakers Choose Stones with Unmatched Precision

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent geochemical analysis of 780,000-year-old stone tools discovered in Israel provides insights into the sophisticated tool-making practices of Ashurian (or Acheulean) humans. These early humans strategically sought specific basalt sources, highlighting their advanced planning and in-depth understanding of their environment.

Basalt slabs from the Ashurian site of Gesher Benot Ya’akov, utilized for bifacial production, show evidence of off-site knapping. Image credit: Chuang Zhao.

Dr. Zahi Golan from the Israel Geological Survey emphasized, “Acquiring suitable raw materials was essential for prehistoric peoples, significantly impacting their tool-making processes.”

“The selection of raw materials offers a window into the behavioral aspects of prehistoric cultures, revealing their environmental knowledge, which has facilitated tool production for over three million years.”

Research indicates two significant trends during the Early and Early Middle Pleistocene: increasing variability in raw materials at more recent sites and the exploitation of nearby resources. These trends are evidenced by studies of Oldowan and Acheulean tools, suggesting that early hominins’ material preferences evolved over time.

In recent studies, archaeologists analyzed basalt artifacts from the Ashurian site of Gesher Benot Yaakov and a nearby basalt source to trace the origins of tools and understand how early humans navigated their changing landscape.

“Dating back approximately 780,000 years, this evidence highlights the repeated habitation by Atyur hominins along the banks of Paleo-Fura Lake,” the researchers noted.

“Excavations have revealed a wealth of archaeological finds, including stone tools crafted from flint, limestone, and basalt, alongside indications of fire use, plant exploitation, animal processing, and fish consumption.”

“Basalt played a crucial role as a raw material, particularly for producing large cutting tools such as axes and kitchen knives.”

“Prior studies suggest that tool manufacture involved a complex reduction process. Humans selected sizable basalt slabs, formed them into substantial cores, removed large flakes, and fashioned these into bifacial tools.”

“This intricate process demanded careful planning, technical skills, and a thorough understanding of basalt properties.”

Researchers conducted a chemical analysis of basalt artifacts from various archaeological layers, comparing them against samples from the surrounding geological basalt flows.

Additionally, they analyzed basalt from the Eshel Yaakov borehole at the Gesher Benot Yaakov site.

The findings reveal that many investigated basalt artifacts match sources located within approximately 1 km of the site, with some originating from basalt strata now buried beneath the surface.

By integrating geochemical fingerprinting with borehole data, scientists reconstructed parts of the ancient landscape that have since vanished.

This methodology enabled the identification of basalt flows once accessible to humans 780,000 years ago but now obscured by erosion or tectonic shifts.

“This is particularly significant as Gesher Benot Yaakov is situated in an area of active tectonic activity along the Dead Sea fault line,” researchers remarked.

“Erosion, sediment burial, and subsidence have continually transformed the local landscape.”

“Basalt flows that were once within reach of early humans may have become buried or eroded over time.”

The geochemical analysis also uncovered variations between tool types. While large cores are predominantly linked to local basalt sources, specific cleavers seemed to originate from sources not included in the analyzed samples.

“This indicates that early humans did not merely select available basalts but actively chose specific sources based on their technical requirements, including the size, shape, internal structure of the slabs, and their suitability for knife production,” the authors stated.

Differences in tool types were evident, with some knives sourced from distinct basalt deposits when compared to the dominant materials used for hand axes and large cores.

This finding is important, as previous research indicates that producing kitchen knives necessitates a high level of planning and technical skill.

This suggests that humans were selectively searching for basalts with specific characteristics optimal for certain tools.

The same selective material sourcing strategies appear across multiple archaeological layers, indicating a persistent technological tradition spanning thousands of years.

“These findings imply that Ature hominins at Gesher Benot Yaakov possessed extensive environmental knowledge that was preserved and transmitted through generations,” the researchers concluded.

Find their study published on May 14 in Scientific Reports.

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T. Golan et al. Geochemical basalt investigation sheds light on sourcing strategies at the Ashurian site of Gesher Benot Ya’akov, Dead Sea Transform, Israel. Scientific Reports published online on May 14, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-51905-0

Source: www.sci.news

New Bird Species Discovered by Ornithologist on Remote Indonesian Island

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A recently discovered songbird from the Babar Islands in Indonesia’s Banda Sea has been recognized as a new species. This small bird, named the Merry Fantail (Lipidula laguceria), stands out due to its unique song, which differentiates it from its close relatives. Previously, it was considered the same as the cinnamon giant fantail (Rhipidura fuscorufa), located approximately 135 km (84 mi) east of the Tanimbar Islands.

Merry Fantail (Lipidula laguceria) November 2022. Image credit: James A. Eaton.

Known as a small insectivorous songbird from the Rhipidura fuscorufa family, these birds are native to the Lingidae.

This species measures approximately 18 cm (7 inches) in length, recognized for its cinnamon tail and underparts, as well as its characteristic tail-spreading behavior typical of fantails.

The Rhipidura fuscorufa was first identified in 1883 on the Tanimbar Islands. However, specimens from the Babar group, about 80 miles west, were later examined and previously considered to belong to the same species, a view that persisted for over 120 years.

“Rhipidura fuscorufa is endemic to Indonesia and resides on Tanimbar Island and the Babar Island Group,” said Dr. James Eaton from Bird Tours Asia Limited and Dr. Alex Berryman from BirdLife International.

“Initially described in 1883 based on specimens from the Tanimbar Islands, 15 years later, Rhipidura fuscorufa specimens collected from Babar Island were also examined. Scientists concluded in 1901 that the Babar specimens were consistent with those from the Tanimbar Islands.

For approximately 120 years, the common taxonomic classification was Rhipidura fuscorufa as a monotypic species.

Dr. Eaton first noticed differences in vocalizations between the Babar and Tanimbar populations during a visit in 2011, suggesting the presence of an as-yet undetected species.

To confirm this, authors analyzed 19 specimens at the American Museum of Natural History in New York and the Tring Museum of Natural History in the UK, along with 18 audio recordings from both island groups.

The researchers observed subtle physical differences; Babar birds exhibited darker upper bodies and less pronounced cinnamon underparts compared to Tanimbar birds, while wing, tail, beak, and leg measurements showed no significant variation.

However, the song of the two Rhipidura fuscorufa populations varied considerably.

“The calls of the Babar birds typically consist of single whistles that increase in pitch, whereas Tanimbar calls include varying lengths of whistles for a more rhythmic effect,” they stated. “Though the lengths of strophes are similar, Tanimbar songs feature more notes and shorter intervals between them.”

Cinnamon Giant Fantail (Rhipidura fuscorufa) November 2022. Image credit: James A. Eaton.

Over several years, scientists conducted 132 reproduction experiments during visits to Babar and Tanimbar islands.

Both populations responded to their respective recordings but ignored the songs from the other islands. The study revealed that no Babar birds responded to Tanimbar songs, and vice versa.

“Despite being currently classified as monotypic, our research displays distinct differences between the Tanimbar and Babar populations of Rhipidura fuscorufa,” noted the researchers.

“Morphologically, the two populations have subtle differences in coloration, while the vocalizations are markedly distinct, providing strong evidence that these vocal differences act as a reproductive barrier.”

“Based on this, we propose that Rhipidura fuscorufa populations in the Babar Islands should be taxonomically separated from those in the Tanimbar Islands.”

“While we lack an established name for the Babar population, we describe it as Lipidula laguceria.”

Both the newly identified Lipidula laguceria and its relative Rhipidura fuscorufa are currently listed as Near Threatened under conservation standards, as they adapt well to degraded habitats rather than dense forests.

“Rhipidura fuscorufa is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List,” the scientists stated.

“Following this classification, both Rhipidura fuscorufa and Lipidula laguceria now have a more restricted range, fulfilling criteria for potential threat listings under IUCN Red List criteria B1 and B2.”

“However, both species demonstrate resilience to habitat degradation and are often found in modified habitats, open areas, and even scrubland with tall mango trees.”

“Indeed, both fantail species appear to prefer highly altered habitats over closed-canopy forests.” Therefore, neither species meets the criteria for being listed as B1 or B2 and should continue to be classified as Near Threatened.”

The discovery of Lipidula laguceria is detailed in a research paper published this month in the British Ornithologists Club Newsletter.

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James A. Eaton and Alex J. Berryman. 2026. A mysterious new species of fantail from the Babar Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesia. British Ornithologists Club Newsletter 146 (2): 203-215; doi: 10.25226/bboc.v146i2.2026.a6

Source: www.sci.news

Alice Roberts: Embracing Our Animal Nature – Understanding Humanity’s Roots

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Physically, Homo sapiens may seem unremarkable in the animal kingdom. Yet, this species has ingeniously adapted to thrive across diverse habitats, from dense jungles to frigid arctic landscapes.

Alice Roberts, a remarkable figure in the realm of science, developed a keen passion for medicine, becoming both a surgeon and anatomist. Deeply intrigued by the evolutionary narratives of our primate relatives, she currently holds the position of Professor of Public Engagement in Science at the University of Birmingham, UK. Her expertise spans anthropology, archaeology, and paleopathology.

With an impressive portfolio in television, she has starred in shows such as Digging for Britain and Pompeii’s Lost Documents, and authored multiple books. Among them, Humans: Evolution of the Species, explores the journey of human evolution through captivating illustrations and worldwide contributions, including insights shared by Michael Marshall about her latest work.

Michael Marshall: What key insights does this latest installment of our evolutionary journey shed?

Alice Roberts: My time at the University of Bristol significantly shaped my perspective on humanity. While teaching anatomy to students, I constructed a dissection room within my veterinary school, where I had an eye-opening experience examining a lamb’s heart.

This moment allowed me to understand the heart’s evolution from fetus to adult form, prompting me to view humans as merely another mammal—a realization that transformed my perspective entirely.

How should we consider the implications of our bodies being results of evolutionary processes, and how does this history manifest in our skeletons and organs?

Inside our cells, biochemical processes trace back to the earliest single-celled organisms that once thrived in ancient oceans. Our limbs connect us to the first amphibians that ventured onto land approximately 360 million years ago. By studying changes in our arm bones, we can unravel the story of our evolutionary lineage. This exploration can apply to various parts of the human body.

“
Arranging the skeletons of Homo floresiensis sent chills down my spine… so human, yet distinctly different.
“

Can you provide examples of these similarities and distinctions?

I’ve often noted that if a medical student were presented with a female chimpanzee’s humerus, they might struggle to discern the difference. The size and shape of the bones closely resemble those of humans, retaining their functional capabilities. Upon closer examination, the similarities are intriguing, particularly in the structure of hands; human thumbs stand out as longer and thicker than those of chimpanzees.

It’s fascinating to hear paleoanthropologists confidently compare ape and human hands to classify Homo habilis. How do you view this?

Indeed, if chimpanzee hands closely resemble human hands, then examining other hominins becomes complex. Categorizing fossils can be challenging, especially when the record is incomplete. As someone passionate about data, I find the lack of clarity concerning categorization quite disconcerting.

Humans appear to possess a uniquely developed brain. How significant is this distinction?

The most distinguishing features of humans can be summarized succinctly: bipedalism, small teeth, and a large brain. While the correlation between larger brains and bipedalism is still under investigation, various theories abound. Some argue that the evolution of a larger brain coincided with bipedalism, while others suggest that enhanced cognitive functions arose as a result of the freedom provided by walking upright—allowing for tool use and expanded social networks.

Our body size is comparable to that of other great apes, yet the differentiation lies in the structure of our brains. Human brains not only exhibit greater size but also an intricate folding pattern that accommodates vast amounts of cortex. This distinction influences our interactions with the natural world around us.

The number of human species that existed alongside us has grown remarkably. How has this evolved our understanding of human evolution?

Initially, Neanderthals were the only known other group. Now, we recognize that they coexisted but were not our direct ancestors, as approximately 20 distinct hominin species have been identified, with new discoveries emerging each year.

My groundbreaking series from 2008, Incredible Human Journey, highlights this evolving narrative. During a visit to Indonesia, I encountered the fossil of Homo floresiensis—a shocking revelation that reshaped my comprehension of human ancestry.

“The Hobbit” – Original Homo floresiensis

Observing the skeletons of Homo floresiensis side by side was deeply impactful; their small skulls and brains still yielded evidence of stone tool use. This discovery contradicted the long-held belief that larger brains lead to tool-making capabilities, compelling me to reevaluate what it truly means to be human.

While Neanderthals and Denisovans vanished, our species endured. What accounts for our survival?

Unpacking this question requires probing tens of thousands of years of evolutionary history. Evidence suggests that modern humans possessed intricate social networks, allowing for enhanced resource distribution during hardships. This interconnectedness likely played a pivotal role in our survival.

Homo floresiensis had a small skull (top) and a small brain, yet still created stone tools

Tolo Balagar/Alamy

In the grand tapestry of evolution, will we see significant changes in the coming centuries?

Evolutionary changes are often catalyzed by drastic events, typically involving significant population declines, after which genetic diversity is crucial. In the near future, any observable changes in humans will likely pertain to immune responses rather than drastic physical transformations. We aren’t on the verge of growing additional limbs.

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It’s a contradiction in my mind. While I challenge the notion of human exceptionalism, I acknowledge our uniqueness.
“

A compelling and concerning aspect of our evolution lies in our capacity to manipulate our DNA. The ethical implications of this capability remain a significant question mark for our future.

Do your professional insights influence your fiction writing?

I’ve authored two children’s books set during the Ice Age, imagining the first encounters between modern humans and Neanderthals to invigorate history through storytelling. My debut adult novel, Queen of Goddesses, set for release in September, explores the saga of Cleopatra and Mark Antony, reflecting on the unpredictable nature of human history much like the complexities of evolution itself.

What is humanity’s relationship with nature? How should it evolve?

With billions of us on this planet, human culture indeed appears exceptional. Yet, if we adopt an evolutionary lens, we discern a lack of rigid separations between us and the rest of the natural world. Understanding our origins emphasizes that we are inherently connected to all species.

As we observe the impacts of our lifestyles on biodiversity, we must recognize our moral responsibility to mitigate our negative effects. Regardless of perceived separations from nature, we are deeply intertwined with it; our survival hangs in the balance of its preservation.

This is an edited version of a New Scientist video interview to be published on youtube.com/NewScientist on June 10th. Michael Marshall is a writer based in Devon, England.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Superintelligent Machines Might Still Rely on Humans

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

In 1915, renowned physicist Albert Einstein presented his groundbreaking equations for the general theory of relativity to the Prussian Academy of Sciences. While Einstein now epitomizes genius, his revolutionary ideas were initially met with skepticism and indifference, primarily due to the complex mathematics that many of his contemporaries found challenging to grasp.

Today, many tech companies purport that we are approaching an era defined by “superintelligent” artificial intelligence (AI) that could exceed the capabilities of experts and lead to scientific advancements comparable to Einstein’s breakthroughs. As Dario Amodei, CEO of Anthropic, states: The land of data center geniuses. However, such claims often lack substantial evidence, and discerning true genius or superior intelligence remains a complex endeavor.

A significant area of concern within academia is the emerging role of AI in mathematics. In this week’s cover story, discover how mathematicians are expressing anxiety over AI’s rapidly growing mathematical prowess.

Interestingly, this anticipated future doesn’t entirely eliminate the necessity for human intellect. The efficacy of AI innovations underscores the vital role human mathematicians play in the scientific process. Groundbreaking discoveries facilitated by AI, including OpenAI’s recent validation of an 80-year-old hypothesis, gain legitimacy when mathematicians affirm their findings. We explore how humans are already leveraging AI insights to tackle various mathematical challenges.

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The success of AI shows how essential human mathematicians are to the scientific process.
“

If this trend extends to other scientific disciplines, it indicates that we may increasingly rely on individuals skilled in utilizing these AI tools rather than on AI itself. While this perception may differ from the superintelligence narrative favored by tech firms, it aligns more closely with the traditional understanding of human ingenuity.

Had it not been for visionary colleagues of Einstein, such as Karl Schwarzschild and Willem de Sitter, who further applied the theory of relativity in predicting elements like black holes and an inflationary universe, the impact of his findings on our comprehension of reality might not be as profound today. Hence, individual genius is rarely sufficient on its own.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlock Sleep Benefits Without Napping: Explore Effective Techniques

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Experience the Benefits of Sleep While Awake

Walters Digital UG/Alamy

Imagine a time when you can enjoy the restorative benefits of sleep without actually falling asleep. Recent research involving awake mice has demonstrated that stimulating certain brain activities can mimic the benefits of deep sleep, including enhanced memory function.

“In theory, we might replicate these findings in humans,” says Vladislav Vyazovski from the University of Oxford, who was not part of the study. “Investigating the potential for artificially inducing this state during wakefulness could be fascinating.” This type of brain activity might lead to a feeling of refreshed energy while awake.

Sleep is crucial for the brain’s maintenance functions, such as synaptic homeostasis, which organizes the numerous neural connections formed throughout the day, reinforcing essential pathways while eliminating the unnecessary ones.

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which makes up about 80% of adult sleep, features repetitive signal firing from the brain’s cortex, shutting off certain neurons in a pattern known as slow-wave sleep activity. “This phenomenon is likely linked to synaptic homeostasis and may be key to sleep’s restorative capabilities,” explains Chiara Cirelli from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Cirelli and her team pondered whether it might be feasible to induce a section of the cerebral cortex into a deep sleep state while keeping a person awake. Certain animals like dolphins and fur seals utilize a similar tactic, allowing half of their brains to enter NREM sleep while remaining vigilant.

To explore this possibility, the researchers genetically altered mice to control neural activity using light. They inserted a probe into part of the mice’s brains and kept them engaged for five hours with various stimuli. At the end of this duration, a light probe was activated to simulate non-REM sleep for 30 minutes.

After putting the mice to sleep, brain recordings revealed that the stimulated region of the brain did not exhibit typical signs of fatigue associated with sleep deprivation. “Essentially, a portion of the brain cleansed itself while awake, minimizing the need for restorative deep sleep later,” says Cirelli.

The researchers then explored whether artificially induced sleep during wakefulness could enhance memory. They placed the genetically modified mice in a box with identical carpet textures on both sides. After allowing them to explore for 15 minutes, the mice were divided into groups: one for sleep, one for no sleep, and one that received the artificial deep sleep stimulus.

The next day, when reintroduced to the box, one side contained a new texture. As mice are naturally curious, their time spent in the newly textured area indicated their memory of the original environment. The results showed that while uninhibited, sleep-deprived mice had difficulty distinguishing between the two sides, both the sleep group and the stimulated sleep group spent significantly more time in the new area.

The research team intends to examine whether similar benefits can be achieved in humans through non-invasive brain activity stimulation techniques such as transcranial electrical stimulation. However, Vyazovski cautions against the idea that sleep can be fully replaced. “We recognize two sleep types: NREM and REM,” he notes, emphasizing that our understanding of the transition between these two states and the completion of sleep remains limited.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Can Apple and Google Prevent Kids from Sharing Explicit Images?

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The UK urges tech companies to strengthen protections against explicit image sharing by minors.

martin-dm/Getty Images

Children protected from explicit content — The UK urges tech companies to strengthen protections against explicit image sharing by minors.

martin-dm/Getty Images

Technology companies must act within three months to prohibit children in the UK from creating or sharing explicit images on their devices, or they may face regulatory measures.

In a statement, Prime Minister Keir Starmer emphasized the urgency: “I am calling on technology companies operating in this country to implement regulations that prevent children from sending or receiving sexually explicit images.” During his speech on June 8th, he stated, “This challenge is not insurmountable. Failure to comply will result in legal changes.”

Prominent smartphone developers, Apple and Google, have already implemented partial measures. Apple’s iOS includes a “Sensitive Content Alert,” which detects and blurs nudity in images or videos sent or received through its messaging and AirDrop services. This feature, which is enabled by default for child accounts, utilizes on-device machine learning to assess whether images contain nudity at the point of transmission.

Similarly, Google provides a feature in its Android OS called Sensitive Content Warning, which is also powered by on-device machine learning and defaults to “on” for child accounts when images are sent via Google Messages, though it does not apply to video content.

Both functionalities differ from the image hash list maintained by the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF), which tracks the digital fingerprints of known images of child abuse, aiming to stop their sharing across websites and social media platforms.

However, expanding these measures to cover third-party applications like WhatsApp, Instagram, Signal, and X poses significant challenges, as these platforms operate independently of the Android and iOS ecosystems. Additionally, ensuring children’s exclusive use of child accounts remains a concern; currently, both Google and Apple require active parental involvement for setup, which isn’t a default setting.

Moreover, Apple’s current content warning system may only function on devices updated to iOS 17 or later, with about 10% of devices around the world not meeting this requirement. Similarly, Google’s equivalent features are restricted to devices running Android 9 and above, impacting around 5 percent of global devices. While specific statistics for the UK are unavailable, millions of devices could be affected.

The UK government is pushing for Apple and Google to broaden their nudity detection systems to include mobile cameras and third-party applications, limiting explicit image sharing unless users verify their age, akin to mechanisms in place for adult websites since the enactment of the Online Safety Act in July 2025.

Nonetheless, the reliability of such verification systems has drawn skepticism, with frequent reports of children bypassing safeguards. “Current age verification methods largely struggle to restrict young people from accessing adult content,” states Liam McLoughlin from Edge Hill University, UK.

The potential for misuse of technology raises additional concerns, including unintentional barriers to educational and medical information and fostering negative body image issues, warns Julian Hayes, a data protection lawyer at UK’s BCL Solicitors. “To combat online harm, we must empower children and youths with safe online practices, provide meaningful sex education, and embody good online behavior ourselves,” he advocates.

“This approach is heavily reliant on technology solutions, ultimately placing excessive power in the hands of tech companies,” remarks Carolina Are from the London School of Economics. “While it aims for headlines, enforcing these measures will be significantly challenging.”

Apple did not respond to a request for comment by the time of publication. A Google spokesperson assured New Scientist: “Google is deeply committed to safeguarding children’s online experiences. We are collaborating with our UK partners to develop effective, privacy-centric solutions that mitigate the spread of harmful content, ensuring a secure digital environment for youth.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Solar Farms on Restored Peatland Enhance Wildlife Habitat

Posted on June 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Meadow Pipit in a Solar Park on Peatland in Northern Germany

Watt Manufacturer

Meadow Pipit in a solar park in northern Germany — Meadow Pipit in a Solar Park on Peatland in Northern Germany

Watt Manufacturer

Solar farms established on rewetted peatlands host a greater diversity of bird species compared to adjacent dry farmlands. This indicates that renewable energy sites can be advantageous for landowners, helping to sequester carbon while simultaneously boosting biodiversity.

Peatlands are recognized as the largest carbon reservoirs on earth, containing twice the carbon of all global forests. Yet, extensive peatland areas are drained for agriculture or mined for horticultural materials. In Germany, 95% of peatlands are degraded, while 80% of these ecologically vital areas are similarly compromised in the UK.

When peatlands are drained via ditches or pumps, microorganisms initiate the decomposition of the ancient carbon stored in these ecosystems, releasing carbon dioxide over extended periods.

A German state-funded research initiative is currently exploring the potential of solar farms to accelerate peatland restoration.

“We can’t merely resort to conservation strategies,” explains Hannah Ray Martens, who conducted research at the University of Greifswald in Germany. “Numerous individuals depend on this land for their livelihood.”

At the study location, the solar energy firm Watt Manufacturing began constructing a sand and gravel road in 2020, which obstructed the drainage ditches’ flow, permitting water to accumulate on farmland and gradually return to the peatland.

Mertens notes that this research is the first to assess the impact of solar installations on rewetted peatlands, revealing positive outcomes for biodiversity.

“The prevailing concern is habitat destruction; however, this does not apply here,” she states. “New habitats have emerged for various species, including endangered and wetland species, thereby enhancing overall landscape biodiversity.”

The species richness observed in the 30-hectare solar park is comparable to that found in two nearby fields regularly harvested for hay. However, audio recorders revealed that the solar park is inhabited by both wetland and woodland bird species, while the hayfield was dominated by grassland birds, such as the European goldfinch.

Wetland species, including the white wagtail, great bunting, and blue heron, were recorded at the solar park, alongside forest inhabitants like the sparrow and buzzard. The solar panels were seen to replace shrubs and small trees, with birds such as buzzards and kestrels perching on them to hunt for rodents in the grass below.

The research team also documented a meadow pipit, a small brown-striped species that is endangered in Germany, perched on one of the panels.

Mr. Mertens suggests that rewetting peatlands, utilizing solar panels as perches, and limiting mowing have contributed to attracting various bird species. However, further studies are needed to compare the biodiversity of these solar-augmented peatlands against rewetted peatlands without solar development, according to Katherine Waite from Cambridge University.

“Peat Land PV” [photovoltaics]… could present a highly effective method to revitalize severely degraded agricultural peatlands, although its applicability should not extend to healthy peatlands elsewhere,” she cautions.

Despite the UK restoring approximately 2,500 square kilometers of peatland—a mere one-tenth of the total degraded area—Germany has restored even fewer peatlands. The ongoing emissions from drained peatlands persist for many years; therefore, several of the 165 solar power plants installed on degraded peatlands in Germany are inadvertently emitting more greenhouse gases than the carbon-free energy they generate.

In contrast to agricultural energy production, which maintains grazing and crop cultivation surrounding solar installations, peatland solar energy currently only generates revenue through electricity sales. The Watt Manufacturer Solar Park is one of only five projects located on wet peatlands. Solar developers often face increased expenses because they must install deeper foundations and wait for the summer dry season to commence construction.

Since 2023, Germany has prohibited solar facilities on degraded peatlands from receiving guaranteed minimum electricity pricing, although developers do not always have to disclose whether their projects are situated on drained peatlands.

Waite believes additional government incentives will be pivotal for the growth of peatland solar initiatives. “To tackle both global warming and the biodiversity crisis, alongside our food production needs, we must manage land sustainably to yield multiple benefits,” she asserts. “A win-win scenario is essential.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Understanding Normal Memory Decline: When to Seek Help

Posted on June 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

We All Experience Moments of Forgetfulness

Craig Bolan

New Scientist: Your source for science news and expert articles covering developments in science, technology, health, and the environment. — We All Experience Moments of Forgetfulness

Craig Bolan

We’ve all experienced the peculiar moments of forgetfulness, like going upstairs and completely forgetting why. Or perhaps you’ve left an acquaintance’s name blank during introductions, or even found your car keys in the refrigerator!

While such temporary memory lapses can be unnerving, they are a normal part of aging. According to Ullmann Lindenberger, a cognitive neuroscientist at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin, “The decline in episodic memory—knowing what happened, where, and when—is a typical aspect of cognitive aging.” He notes that most adults start to see a decline by age 60, impacting all memory stages from encoding new information to retrieval.

This memory decline is largely due to structural and functional changes in the brain that begin in midlife and accelerate with age. A 2025 study examined over 3,700 cognitively healthy adults and found that age-related memory decline correlates with reduced connectivity between brain regions. This diminishes as the fatty insulating layer around neurons degrades, and as the hippocampus—a critical area for new memory formation—shrinks.

However, Lindenberger emphasizes there’s no need for alarm. “Both learning and episodic memory involve creating and recalling associations, and these brain processes become less reliable as we age.”

It’s also worth noting that most everyday memory issues can stem from a lack of attention. If you are distracted or stressed, your brain may not properly encode where you placed your keys, making retrieval difficult later.

It can be challenging to determine when these typical memory slowdowns signal something more concerning.

Neurologists observe that forgetfulness becomes problematic when it disrupts daily life—like forgetting significant dates or appointments. Dr. Ronald Petersen from the Mayo Clinic notes, “You should be cautious when forgetting essential information or when those around you start noticing these lapses.” Signs to watch for include repeating oneself or consistently forgetting information that once seemed easy to recall.

The act of repetition can be a crucial sign of declining memory function, particularly in early stages of mild cognitive impairment and dementia, like Alzheimer’s. In these cases, changes in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex hinder the formation of new episodic memories. If someone continuously asks the same questions, it might indicate that their memory of the initial inquiry hasn’t solidified—potentially signaling a red flag.

Cognitive concerns can arise from various factors, including stress, depression, hormonal changes, and medication side effects, leading to temporary lapses in attention and memory. Therefore, it’s vital to assess what might be contributing to cognitive impairment symptoms. Research indicates that older adults who worry about dementia tend to misinterpret everyday forgetfulness as signs of cognitive decline, which can lead to negative health outcomes.

Ultimately, even neurologists grapple with distinguishing “normal” aging from concerning memory loss. For most individuals, it’s crucial to remain calm. As Lindenberger advises, “Be concerned if memory deteriorates quickly and begins to interfere with daily life.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unveiling the Truth: The Migration of Ancient Humans from Africa Explained

Posted on June 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Migration from Africa: A Complex Journey

Christian Jegou/Science Photo Library

Migration from Africa: A Complex Journey

Christian Jegou/Science Photo Library

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The Great Migration out of Africa is a cornerstone of human evolutionary history. Our species emerged in Africa, became dominant, and spread across all continents—except Antarctica—around 60,000 years ago.

Genetic studies reinforce this narrative. African populations showcase significantly more genetic diversity than any other continent. While Europeans, Japanese, Indigenous Australians, and Native Americans may exhibit distinct physical traits, they share surprising genetic similarities. Even neighboring African groups can be genetically more diverse. This suggests that our species originated in Africa, where those who migrated beyond carried only a fraction of this genetic richness, shaping all non-African populations today.

I highlight this to underscore two crucial facts: migration out of Africa occurred, and it has profoundly impacted our species.

However, let’s reconsider the narrative. Events outside Africa may have transpired differently than previously imagined.

Archaeological Insights and Molecular Evidence

In recent years, confusion has grown regarding the specifics of the mass migration from Africa. Archaeologist Hugh Gourcutt of The University of Malta has approached this systematically. On April 15th, he presented a study in Quaternary Science Review, outlining his concerns regarding the accepted narrative.

Groucutt’s first point is that archaeological evidence does not align with genetic data. He states, “While genomic data implies successful dispersal into Asia, compelling archaeological evidence linking Africa and Eurasia during that period is lacking.” In essence, if numerous Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia approximately 60,000 years ago, artifacts corroborating this movement should be present, yet none are found.

Furthermore, Groucutt identifies two interconnected challenges: determining precise timelines for archaeological events and a historical fixation on “revolutions” that clouds our understanding.

Consider the dating issue. The timing of large-scale migration from Africa vastly varies among genetic analyses. Some suggest it occurred around 56,000 years ago, while others estimate “less than 55,000 years ago“, and even “50,300 to 59,400 years ago” or “before 75,000 years ago“. Such a broad range for a relatively recent event (geologically speaking) raises significant uncertainty.

Groucutt argues that efforts to date migrations may be overly ambitious, often relying on biased models that oversimplify raw genetic data. “The reality is that we lack a comprehensive understanding of how ancient populations spread and interacted,” he asserts. “Models heavily influence the results.”

Reconstructed Skull of an Early Denisovan

Gary Todd (CC0)

For instance, genetic models often presume random interbreeding among populations, a notion proven false. Human populations tend to cluster, with mates chosen from nearby individuals or those sharing cultural or social traits. Additionally, early African populations fragmented over time, and the dynamics of this fragmentation remain only partially understood. “It’s challenging to model these interactions,” Groucutt notes.

It’s important to recognize the tendency to categorize intergroup divisions as clearly defined events. This reflects in the human family tree and terminology such as “divisions.” My previous discussions of Ancestor X, the last common ancestor of humans, Neanderthals, and Denisovans, can create an impression of abrupt splits at specific times and places.

While some separations can be abrupt—like a flood sweeping a population—others may occur gradually over centuries, with periods of contact and separation. Such may be the case with migration from Africa: not a singular large-scale exodus, but numerous smaller migrations over thousands of years, lacking a centralized plan or objective.

Hence, Groucutt proposes a more extensive timeframe for migration outside Africa. Rather than claiming it occurred strictly around 60,000 years ago, we should assert it transpired between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago.

This leads to another notion: a persistent search for discrete “events” or “revolutions” in prehistory.

Revolutionizing Our Understanding of Prehistory

Hand Paintings in Sumpang Bita Cave, Indonesia

Nature Picture Library / Alamy

Researchers have long sought to pinpoint dramatic shifts in prehistory. These “revolutions” signify rapid, significant changes thought to originate in specific locations and then spread globally.

For instance, the idea that our species became “behaviorally modern” around 50,000 years ago implies that we began making specialized tools, creating art, conducting rituals, and possibly developing real languages. This was termed the “Upper Paleolithic revolution.” However, such assertions are increasingly contested. Archaeological evidence suggests that these behaviors arose gradually, possibly developing independently in various regions. Furthermore, Neanderthals likely engaged in artistic expression as well.

The notion of revolutions was prevalent in the 20th century, with archaeologist V. Gordon Childe characterizing the emergence of agriculture as the “Neolithic Revolution,” soon followed by an “urban revolution” defined by the rise of increasingly dense settlements. Yet, these oversimplified classifications mask the complexities of human behavior throughout history.

Groucutt asserts that the “revolution” narrative continues to affect genetic interpretations today. He remarks, “People often speak of ‘happenings’ outside of Africa.” Conversely, the migration was likely composed of “small groups scattered across vast landscapes over tens of thousands of years.” In his view, this process was not a singular “event,” but rather a prolonged span involving groups leaving Africa, sometimes returning with valuable information.

While previous migratory patterns may have been sporadic, they still occurred. Evidence suggests modern humans inhabited the sites of Shuhur and Qafzeh in Israel as early as 130,000 years ago, with earlier claims from Misriyah in Israel and Apidima in Greece, albeit dating controversies persist.

Genetics indicates that only late migrations after 100,000 years ago played a role in shaping modern non-African populations. Earlier migrants left no distinguishable genetic legacy, although they may have influenced genetics indirectly via interbreeding with Neanderthals.

This enduring belief in “revolutions” may reflect deep-seated biases in our storytelling. Narratives are often characterized by dramatic turns and climaxes, making them memorable. However, it’s crucial to appreciate that foundational elements steadily contribute to these climactic moments, underscoring the importance of gradual processes in history.

Explore the Cradle of Humanity: South Africa

Join us for an immersive experience in the Cradle of Humanity, engaging in real fossil excavations, expert-led research, and visits to iconic paleoanthropological sites.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Why You Shouldn’t Worry About AI’s Self-Improvement Capabilities

Posted on June 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

AI That Builds Better AI Could Transform the Future

Just_Super/Getty Images

AI technology evolution — AI That Builds Better AI Could Transform the Future

Just_Super/Getty Images

One of the foremost artificial intelligence companies is urging the industry to halt ongoing AI development, suggesting we might be approaching a pivotal moment where advanced models could redesign themselves, enhance capabilities, and potentially elude our oversight. This alarming notion was recently highlighted in headlines.

The co-founder of Anthropic, Jack Clark, is leading critical discussions at the Institute for Anthropology. Alongside Marina Favaro, they provided crucial insights in a detailed blog post, coinciding with the company’s anticipated $1 trillion initial public offering (IPO). They recently upgraded their Claude model.

Setting aside the substantial economic implications, let’s delve into the technical assertions. The capability for an AI to design superior iterations of itself could indeed be groundbreaking. However, this concept isn’t entirely new; Anthropic terms it “recursive self-improvement,” a notion that has long been associated with the idea of “singularity”—the moment when AI surpasses human intelligence.

It’s uncertain whether we are genuinely closer to achieving this milestone. The current pace of AI research is impressive, yet history shows that rapid advancements can lead to periods of stagnation—known as AI winters—where progress becomes as challenging as securing funding. Even Clark and Favaro concede in their blog post that recursive self-improvement is an eventuality.

Recently, I addressed how open-source developers are grappling with excessive AI-generated “garbage” code that either malfunctions or misdirects projects. On social media, some Instagram accounts have gained popularity by showcasing AI failing at basic tasks. For instance, in a typical video, a user asks ChatGPT to negotiate the price of bread, capping it at $5. Yet, the AI confidently proposes a deal at $400—hardly indicative of a tool prepared to generate sentient descendants.

This isn’t to imply that AI lacks utility, nor am I dismissing its potential. I find myself straddling two perspectives, experiencing cognitive dissonance. We marvel at what relatively simple algorithms, extensive training data, and powerful computational resources can achieve, yet harbor doubts about their reliability in managing even the most trivial tasks—at least for the time being.

For AI to accelerate towards a singularity-like state, two conditions must be met. First, we need to tackle a relatively straightforward engineering challenge: can we optimize our code to enhance efficiency, accelerate model training, and scale our advancements further? Second, we require groundbreaking ideas. Can we innovate new architectures and strategies that can radically elevate progress and shift us beyond the current paradigm of merely enlarging models?

Anthropic has suggested that the human role in both domains may diminish, leading to a point where AI can strategize and code more effectively than humans, prompting a reduction in human involvement. Yet, the truth remains that we are still uncertain about whether AI will continue to evolve, if we are nearing a performance threshold, or if there exists a breakthrough that can facilitate further progress. The landscape of AI research is filled with more unknowns than certainties.

Returning to the topic of IPOs, optimism pervades the AI industry, and with good reason. The stakeholders are directing their interests, with their careers and investments on the line. Companies such as Anthropic, OpenAI, and SpaceX (which has recently acquired Elon Musk’s xAI) are eyeing unprecedented public funding. This environment may heighten the hype, even beyond current levels. Given the recent surge in AI development, the message appears strikingly effective: “No, we are not creating machines to enslave humanity. Just invest in us.”

It’s important to note that Anthropic isn’t outright calling for a pause in research activity. Rather, they argue that if the industry operates concurrently and the “bad actors” are prevented from gaining a head start, a slowdown might be beneficial. However, with trillions of dollars in potential revenues, achieving consensus among major AI entities seems like an exceptionally challenging task.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Endometriosis Impacts Areas Beyond the Pelvis After Surgical Removal

Posted on June 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Light micrograph of a cross-section of an ovary revealing cysts caused by endometriosis

Science Photo Library

Recent extensive research into the biology of endometriosis has revealed novel mechanisms through which this chronic condition significantly impacts women’s health, paving the way for enhanced treatment options. This landmark study analyzed data from over 1 million women and identified specific genes linked to endometriosis among individuals of African descent, a group historically underrepresented in previous research.

According to Shefali Setia Verma from the University of Pennsylvania, “We identified approximately 300 genes that warrant further investigation in this field.”

Understanding Endometriosis: Endometriosis is a chronic and often debilitating condition characterized by the growth of tissue similar to the endometrium in locations outside the uterus, forming painful lesions. It affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age, often leading to symptoms such as fatigue, severe pain, and fertility issues. Furthermore, endometriosis has been linked to cardiovascular diseases, although the underlying biological mechanisms remain inadequately understood.

To address this, Setia-Verma and her team employed a “multi-omics” approach, combining analyses of genes, proteins, microbiomes, and symptoms associated with endometriosis to create a comprehensive understanding of the condition. The researchers examined data from 14 global biobanks, compiling information from over 1 million women.

The team’s initial analysis uncovered 58 genomic regions related to endometriosis, with 27 of these being previously unidentified. Detailed scrutiny led to the identification of 314 genes associated with the disorder. Notably, this study highlighted three genetic regions linked to endometriosis detectable solely in individuals with African ancestry.

Among the most strongly associated genes, many were found to be involved in immune response, inflammation, and cellular motility. This is particularly significant as endometriosis involves cells growing inappropriately, suggesting the condition may relate to the biological processes governing cell migration rather than just misplaced tissue growth. “This insight may lead to the development of treatments targeting cell movement,” adds Setia Verma.

The association with inflammation and immune response may also clarify why endometriosis affects broader health issues, including cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and depression. Persistent inflammation going untreated can result in various long-term complications. In the UK, for example, the average time for a diagnosis is 9 years. Dr. Setia Verma stresses, “Untreated pain and inflammation can lead to a range of chronic symptoms.”

The insights from this study have crucial implications for treatment approaches. Current therapies for endometriosis predominantly target hormonal pathways since estrogen can stimulate lesion growth and associated inflammation. However, if inflammation is a principal factor in symptomatology and broader health concerns, addressing these inflammatory pathways may provide a more effective therapeutic strategy, according to Setia Verma.

The researchers discovered links between specific genes and proteins related to endometriosis, cardiovascular disease, and the regulation of blood cholesterol and fats. “This essentially indicates an increased cardiovascular disease risk for individuals with endometriosis,” remarks Setia Verma.

Another insightful finding was that individuals with endometriosis often exhibit reduced levels of Bifidobacteria, beneficial bacteria crucial for gut health and immune system support. “This sheds light on how endometriosis contributes to broader systemic health risks beyond reproductive issues,” states Setia Verma. This warrants further exploration into the role of Bifidobacteriaceae as a potential target for innovative therapies.

The strength of this study lies in its diverse participant demographic. Nilfel Ramioglu from Oxford University notes, “Most endometriosis research has focused on individuals of European descent, which limits the applicability of findings and exacerbates inequalities in women’s health research.” Ramioglu emphasizes that these efforts signify vital progress toward inclusive advancements in endometriosis research. However, additional research is essential for drawing definitive conclusions. As she asserts, “While this kind of study identifies biological pathways needing exploration, further validation is necessary to establish whether targeting these pathways leads to improved patient outcomes.”

Source: www.newscientist.com

Projected Soil Clogging: 50% of Global Reservoirs at Risk by 2060

Posted on June 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

China’s Sanmenxia Reservoir is regularly flushed of accumulated sediment.

Imago/Alamy

By 2060, more than half of the world’s freshwater reservoirs are predicted to be “functionally dead” due to sediment accumulation, according to a comprehensive study.

Dams obstruct the flow of silt, sand, and gravel downstream, leading to the gradual buildup of these materials in reservoirs, which reduces available water space. Excessive sediment capture poses safety risks to dams and adversely affects downstream ecosystems.

Kai Liu and researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Nanjing utilized satellite imagery, sediment data, and machine learning to assess over 550,000 reservoirs globally.

They revealed a staggering loss of over 36 cubic kilometers of water annually from sedimentation, a volume comparable to that of China’s monumental Three Gorges Dam.

A reservoir is deemed “functionally dead” when more than half of its capacity is filled with sediment.

Countries like Australia and Spain are anticipated to experience the most severe impacts, with nearly 85% of Australia’s reservoirs and three-quarters of Spain’s projected to reach their operational limits by 2060.

In arid regions, nearly 75% of reservoirs may become functionally dead by the same year, whereas half of the reservoirs in wetlands could cease to function. Alarmingly, over 99% of dams in Namibia and nearly 96% along Australia’s west coast are at significant risk.

Liu et al. estimate that the world loses over 7% of its freshwater storage capacity every decade, threatening over 25% of the world’s irrigated lands and water supplies for over 2 billion people.

To combat this pressing issue, the research team advocates for strategies such as upstream tree planting, land stabilization, and erosion control to mitigate sediment input into reservoirs. They also highlight the necessity for engineering interventions like dredging and bypass tunnels, with an estimated cost of up to $100 billion.

Ian Wright, a professor at Western Sydney University who was not involved in this study, noted some “highly contradictory” findings, particularly since climate change is likely to elevate sediment deposition rates due to increased rainfall. He emphasizes the challenge presented by the growing global water demands.

“Sedimentation acts like a cancer that gradually diminishes reservoir capacity,” Wright warns, highlighting Australia’s vulnerability to this issue. He explains, “Our soils are fragile. Removing catchment vegetation exposes them to heightened erosion, leading to continuous sediment flow into storage dams.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Earth Scientists Uncover Massive Fan-Shaped Structure Hidden Beneath Antarctic Ice

Posted on June 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers from Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and the UK have made a groundbreaking discovery by integrating seismic, gravity, and topographic data. They found that numerous prominent subglacial basins in East Antarctica belong to a singular fan-shaped geological province that traces its origins back to ancient continental expansion.

A structural frame interpreted as a fault-controlled basin in the newly identified East Antarctic fan basin. Image credit: Armadillo et al., doi: 10.1038/s41561-026-01991-6.

“The Antarctic bedrock is largely uncovered by the Antarctic Ice Sheet, which covers over 99% of the continent,” stated lead author Dr. Egidio Armadillo of the University of Genoa and his colleagues.

“Recent international efforts utilizing radio-echo sounding data have uncovered vast subglacial topographic features with increasing clarity, highlighting a significant, low-elevation region of East Antarctica that stretches from Prydz Bay to the Transantarctic Mountains and extends inland to 85 degrees south latitude.”

“In this area, most large subglacial basins exhibit a V-shaped profile and are oriented in a north-south direction.”

“Additionally, the 2,000 km long Antarctic coastline and the continent-ocean boundary limit the northern sector, presenting a distinct semi-circular arc shape.”

“On a semi-continental scale, the landscape resembles a handheld fan, with a concentration near the South Pole.”

“We propose that this entire geographical region constitutes a single geographic unit, naming it the East Antarctic Fan Basin (EAFBP).”

The EAFBP includes some of Antarctica’s most significant subglacial features, notably the Wilkes Basin and the Aurora Basin, which houses Lake Vostok, the largest known subglacial lake on Earth.

Analysis indicates that this structure formed through a process known as dispersive rotational extension.

This mechanism describes how continental crust expands from a central point, producing a fan-like pattern akin to a hand with the thumb as a fixed point while the fingers splay and elongate.

The gaps between the fingers symbolize triangular basins formed as the structure opens.

Scientists suggest that the EAFBP may represent one of the most extensive examples of rotational extension documented in continental crust.

This phenomenon likely evolved through multiple tectonic events linked to the development of the Gondwana supercontinent and the subsequent separation of Antarctica and Australia, potentially influencing these separations.

The discovery prompts further investigation into the structure’s age and the geodynamic processes responsible for its formation.

Moreover, its implications extend beyond historical context.

“The bedrock shape concealed beneath the ice sheet continuously impacts ice flow today, regulating the distribution of subglacial basins and lakes,” the authors emphasized.

“This may also affect the stability of segments of the Antarctic ice sheet that are particularly vulnerable to climate change.”

For further details, refer to the study published in the June 3rd issue of Nature Earth Science.

_____

E. Armadillo et al. A fan-shaped subglacial basin province in East Antarctica formed by rotational extension. Nature Earth Science published online on June 3, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41561-026-01991-6

Source: www.sci.news

Stunning VST Image Captures Two Glowing Nebulae Revealing Cosmic Pareidolia

Posted on June 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers at ESO’s VLT Surveying Telescope have unveiled captivating images of two lesser-known nebulae: Gum 10 and Gum 11.

This VST image showcases nebulae Gum 10 and Gum 11, located south of the constellation Papis. Image credit: ESO / VPHAS+ Team.

“What shapes do you perceive? Could it be a chicken searching for seeds, a dragon’s head, or something entirely different?” queried ESO astronomers in a statement.

“These fascinating cloud formations, creating intriguing pareidolia, belong to the nebulae known as Gum 10 and Gum 11—vast collections of interstellar dust and gas.”

“Primarily observable from the Southern Hemisphere, these nebulae are part of a larger complex where stars are born.”

Located approximately 10,760 light-years away in the constellation Leo, Gum 10 is also referred to as RCW 19, spanning around 155 light-years in diameter.

Gum 11, also known as NGC 2579, is about 4,000 light-years away within the same southern constellation.

“Gum 10 appears as the brightest cloud dominating most of the image,” said the astronomers.

“In contrast, Gum 11 is a fainter, more isolated cloud located in the lower left section of the image.”

The mesmerizing images of these nebulae were captured by the VLT Surveying Telescope (VST), commemorating its 15th anniversary of First Light.

“The vibrant glow of these nebulae arises from unique interactions between hydrogen and the hot, massive stars within these regions,” the researchers explained.

“These stars emit ultraviolet light, possessing enough energy to strip electrons from atoms, ultimately forming ions.”

“Recombination of these electrons with hydrogen ions results in the distinctive red light emission observed in the images.”

“The dark lines seen in the nebula are caused by dust obstructing light from distant stars.”

Source: www.sci.news

Impact of Lithium Mining on Local Water Sources – Insights from Sciworthy

Posted on June 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Electric vehicles and various clean energy technologies are powered by metal-based batteries known as
lithium
. The rising demand for lithium has turned lithium mining into a booming industry. This vital resource is predominantly found in volcanic formations called
pegmatite
. Ongoing research aims to determine the carbon and water consumption in pegmatite mining, but the impact on local water quality remains uncertain.

Mining pegmatites not only yields lithium but also other trace metals like rubidium and cesium. While the environmental effects and potential human toxicity of these trace metals are not well documented, the EPA has associated elevated lithium levels with detrimental health risks, including kidney dysfunction, impaired neurodevelopment, and thyroid issues. Currently, no safe threshold for lithium in drinking water has been established, although the
United States Geological Survey
suggests a preliminary safe level of 10 micrograms per liter (μg/L).

Researchers at Duke University recently investigated how pegmatite mining affects lithium concentrations in nearby water sources and the duration of these effects post-mining. Their study involved measuring metal concentrations in water downstream of two lithium mines and a connected processing plant. The researchers hypothesized that mining activities could alter the interactions between the rock and surrounding water, thereby influencing lithium levels.

The team collected 99 water samples from surface streams and 93 samples from groundwater wells in a 40-kilometer (25-mile) stretch along the South Carolina-North Carolina border, particularly near the Kings Mountain and Holman Beam lithium mines. They compared 51 surface water samples collected upstream of the mines to 48 samples taken downstream that were influenced by mining activities.

Using an
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer
, the researchers measured lithium alongside trace elements such as rubidium, cesium, arsenic, and strontium. Their findings revealed that lithium concentrations in surface water skyrocketed from baseline levels of 0.2 μg/L to between 785 and 1,249 μg/L within 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) of mines. Groundwater wells showed lithium levels between 4,500 and 47,000 μg/L in mining areas, contrasted with unaffected downstream wells measuring between 0.5 and 890 μg/L.

The research suggested that the lithium found in groundwater downstream was primarily due to natural interactions between pegmatite rocks and water rather than direct mining activities. This was evidenced by rising lithium levels in groundwater following rainfall, which intensified water-rock interactions.

Moreover, the team analyzed ions such as calcium, sulfate, and chloride using an
ion chromatograph
. They observed spikes in calcium and sulfate concentrations in surface waters within 10 kilometers downstream of the processing facility, measuring 50 to 120 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of calcium and 100 to 300 mg/L of sulfate. In comparison, background surface waters contained only 5 to 20 mg/L of calcium and 3 to 10 mg/L of sulfate. These ions are by-products of pegmatite processing and arise from waste composed of calcium sulfate or
plaster
.

The researchers highlighted that active mining ceased at this site around three decades ago, and the lithium levels documented reflect a long-term release from dormant mining operations and waste. Historical data indicates that during its active years, the mine may have discharged 10 to 30 times more trace metals than currently recorded.

Ultimately, the researchers concluded that processing pegmatite has a more significant impact on downstream metal and ion concentrations than mining activities themselves. As lithium mining expands, further research is essential to explore lithium toxicity and the implications of co-occurring metals like rubidium and cesium. There is also a pressing need to develop strategies to mitigate trace metals and dissolved gypsum from infiltrating water systems.

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Source: sciworthy.com

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