Luigi’s Mansion 2 HD Review: A Spooky Sequel with a Shocking Price Tag

MaWhat I love most about Luigi’s Mansion are the little details: the way Mario’s timid little brother nervously hums along to the music as he stumbles through the spooky mansion; the slapstick animations when he falls into a fireplace or gets blasted into a secret room on a foldout bed; the laughs and goofy expressions on his face as the ghosts start to play tricks on you. As you use Luigi’s trusty ghost vacuum to flip up carpets to reveal secret trap doors (or secret spiders) and suck up bills and gold coins hidden throughout, you can’t help but notice how every little sound, scene and secret has been carefully placed to give you little moments of joy.

This ghost-busting puzzle game was a very welcome surprise sequel when it launched for the Nintendo 3DS in 2013. Its diorama-like mini-mansions and peepholes gave Nintendo’s artists ample opportunity to show off the console’s stereoscopic 3D effects, enabled by a small slider on the side of the screen. But now, 11 years later, the game has launched on the Switch and two things have changed. First, the 3D effect it was designed around is no longer there, and second, Luigi’s Mansion 3 is here and it’s vastly improved.




Luigi’s Mansion 2 HD. Photo: Nintendo

Considering Luigi hasn’t made a single spooky film in a decade now, it’s hard to begrudge him a graphically improved remake. But Nintendo has priced Luigi’s Mansion 2 HD at almost £50, which is especially infuriating when you consider it wasn’t much more expensive to begin with. It looks better – the interiors of all five mansions have been revamped, with impeccable detail on everything from sofas and spider webs to armour – but it plays exactly the same, broken up into mini-missions that interrupt the flow of the game and take Luigi out of the creepy abode he’s exploring at 10-minute intervals, and back to paranormal investigator E. Gadd’s laboratory.

Gadd is constantly calling Luigi on his little flip phone, which is very cute, but also distracts from the gameplay. While many Nintendo games suffer from too many tutorials for the first hour or two, this game has these interruptions from start to finish, making it hard to enjoy leisurely exploration. It’s not a scary game, but it would be better without the constant chatter. Maybe the levels needed to be broken down like this to fit the game on the tiny 3DS cartridge, but it feels dated now. Another irritation is the multiplayer, where two people can’t play together on the same console. Unlike Luigi’s Mansion 3, you can’t play with your child or partner.

Structural quibbles aside, there’s no disputing Luigi’s Mansion 2’s design is sound: the puzzles are great, the ghost combat is fun and clever, and the attention to detail creates an abundance of endearing moments, but Luigi’s Mansion 3 delivers on all of that. and For the same price, you get even more attractions: you can explore a haunted hotel without being interrupted by anything but poltergeist activity;

Source: www.theguardian.com

Ants remove limbs of their nestmates to prevent infection

Termites in Florida

Paul Young/Alamy

Some ants will bite off the infected limbs of their nestmates to improve their chances of survival, making them the only non-human animals documented to amputate a limb to save the life of another animal.

Ants are already known to be one of the few animals that treat the wounds of their fellow creatures.Megaponera analisFor example, bacteria can treat infections by secreting antibacterial substances that are secreted from special glands.

But not all ant species have these glands, he said. Eric Frank “We wanted to know what would happen to the ants when they couldn’t use antibiotics,” said researchers from the University of Würzburg in Germany.

If you look closely at a colony of Florida carpenter ants (Camponotus floridanus) In the lab, Frank’s colleague Danny Buffatto of the University of Lausanne in Switzerland discovered ants biting off the injured legs of their nestmates.

“I didn’t believe it at first,” says Frank, “I thought there must be something else going on. Maybe there was a threat, or maybe the ants thought they were attacking an enemy.”

Analysing video footage from the colony, the team found many more cases of amputation, none of which showed any signs of resistance, and moreover, these amputations were only performed on animals in the thigh area.

To investigate further, the team injured the femurs of 72 carpenter ants and infected them. Half of the ants had their legs amputated by the researchers, while the rest served as controls. Mortality rates of the amputated ants were 90 percent lower than those of the controls, suggesting that the treatment successfully prevented the spread of the pathogen.

In contrast, in other ants, amputations never occurred when the wounds were on the ants’ lower legs, and when the team repeated the experiment with lower-leg injuries, the amputation and control groups died at the same rate. This may be due to the ants’ physiology, Frank says. “Insects don’t have a central heart like humans do,” he says. Instead, several muscles pump blood around the body, and by using micro-CT scanning, the team found that many of these muscles are concentrated in the carpenter ants’ upper legs.

This means that amputating the upper leg would damage the muscles that pump blood, restricting blood circulation and allowing the infection to spread, whereas amputating the lower leg would not prevent the infection from spreading because it does not have these muscles.

“This discovery is remarkable and pushes the boundaries of our understanding of the behavioral immune system of social insects,” said Dr. James Traniello At Boston University in Massachusetts.

Tomer Chakkes Researchers at the University of Regensburg in Germany were surprised at how targeted the amputations were: “They don’t just do amputations for any injury, but only when it makes sense.”

“It’s unlikely that the ants understand the ultimate reasons why these cuts work; rather, it’s more likely that this is an innate behavior that they’re ‘born’ with,” he says.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Research reveals that these ants possess the remarkable ability to perform life-saving emergency surgery on one another

Florida carpenter ants are unique in their behavior, as they have been observed selectively cutting off the injured limbs of their nestmates. This unusual behavior was discovered in a study published in Current Biology, where researchers found that the ants use this “surgery” as a form of treatment for their injured companions. The ants were observed to carefully evaluate each injury and decide whether to clean the wound or amputate the leg entirely, based on the extent of the injury.


Lead author David Levine, a behavioural ecologist at the University of Würzburg, described this behavior as unique in the animal kingdom, as it involves one ant surgically treating another without the use of any tools. Unlike other ants that have specialized glands for wound treatment, Florida Carpenter ants rely solely on mechanical means to care for their injured nestmates.

The study found that the ants have a high success rate in treating femoral injuries, where amputation is required, compared to tibial injuries that can be treated with a simple mouthwash. This indicates that the ants have a sophisticated system for evaluating and treating wounds effectively to improve the chances of survival for the injured ants.

Credit: Bert Zielstra

The researchers believe that the ants’ ability to diagnose and treat wounds in such a precise manner is comparable to the human medical system. Further research is being conducted to understand if similar behavior exists in other ant species and to explore the ants’ tolerance to pain during these prolonged surgical procedures.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Playing Out Each UK Party’s First Years of Power in a Video Game Revealed Disastrous Results

circleWhether referred to as manifestos or contracts, the documents released by political parties before elections often lack substance despite their length. Filled with idealistic scenarios, vague proposals, and questionable cost estimates, it’s difficult to gauge the true impact each party’s implementation would have on the UK. To investigate this, I’ve been inputting party documents into the political strategy video game Democracy 4 to see the outcomes. The results are… well, you can see for yourself.

Democracy 4 allows players to simulate their political fantasies or nightmares and witness how their decisions influence their chances of re-election. Developed by Positech Games, the game models various democracies, including the UK, with their respective institutions, government policies, and tax rates based on publicly available data. The simulation features thousands of virtual voters, each with unique characteristics. For example, the majority of UK citizens identify as capitalists, but they may also be middle-income, affluent, or farmers, commuters, or self-employed.

Democracy 4 serves as an approximate representation of the British political landscape of 2024, offering insights into the potential outcomes of each major party’s agenda. By testing the policies of the Conservatives, Labour, and the Liberal Democrats, the game reveals who stands to benefit, who may be adversely affected, and whether any real progress can be achieved.




Simulated UK demographics. Photo: Positech Games

Keep in mind that Democracy 4 does not simulate Scotland and Wales separately, thus unable to capture the nuances of the SNP and Plaid Cymru’s plans. I have focused on the Conservatives, Labour, and the Liberal Democrats in my simulations. Each party assumes power with a slim 10% majority on July 5th, facing similar economic challenges. Can Labour bridge the funding gap across all sectors by boosting the UK economy? Will the Conservatives’ tax cuts stimulate business growth? And can the Liberal Democrats’ wealth tax and public service investments eliminate the national debt deficit?

Source: www.theguardian.com

Will the AI boom push Nvidia to a $4 trillion valuation, despite investor doubts?

During Nvidia’s annual meeting, Jensen Huang did not address the recent stock price decline. Despite briefly holding the title of the world’s most valuable company on 18 June, Nvidia experienced a significant drop in market capitalization, losing around $550 billion from its peak value as tech investors hesitated to take profits and raised concerns about the sustainability of rapid growth.

Speaking optimistically, Huang, the CEO, discussed the company’s rise in valuation from $2 trillion to $3 trillion in just 30 days this year and set sights on reaching $4 trillion. He emphasized the potential of the upcoming Blackwell chips, hinting at revolutionary advancements in AI that could automate a significant portion of heavy industry, talking about a future where robotic factories produce robot-like products with a new wave of AI.

Huang concluded by boldly stating, “We have reinvented Nvidia, the computer industry, and maybe the world.” These words set the groundwork for the company’s $4 trillion valuation and the hype surrounding AI. Despite the initial setback, Nvidia’s shares have been steadily climbing back up, surpassing $3 trillion this week, reaffirming its position as a top stock to invest in amidst the AI boom.

“We have reinvented Nvidia, the computer industry and maybe the world,” Jensen Huang said. Photo: Qian Yingying/AP

Analysts like Alvin Nguyen from Forrester are optimistic about Nvidia’s potential to reach $4 trillion, suggesting that only a significant genAI market collapse could hinder its progress. However, the competition with tech giants like Microsoft and Apple remains fierce, as they currently hold the top market positions in AI.

Nguyen speculates that the launch of OpenAI’s GPT-5 and other new AI models could further boost Nvidia’s stock price, potentially reaching the $4 trillion mark by the end of 2025. However, technological advancements and shifts in consumer demand for AI products may impact Nvidia’s journey to the $4 trillion milestone.

As the discussions around AI continue to evolve, private AI research institutions like OpenAI and Anthropic are making significant contributions to the generative AI landscape. Companies like Google, Microsoft, and Nvidia are investing heavily in AI technologies, each aiming to make a mark in the rapidly expanding industry.

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Nvidia’s stronghold in providing GPUs for AI research and applications has positioned it as a key player in the industry. The demand for high-performance chips to power AI models like GPT-4 and Claude 3.5 has been instrumental in Nvidia’s success, with companies investing in their technology infrastructure to leverage the benefits of AI.

Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang said the company is “automating $50 trillion of heavy industry.” Photo: Justin Sullivan/Getty Images

As Nvidia aims for the next milestone of $4 trillion, challenges lie ahead in maintaining market dominance and profitability amid increasing competition. With market dynamics evolving and technological advancements shaping the industry, Nvidia’s path to $4 trillion valuation may face obstacles in the ever-changing landscape of AI.

The economic landscape is shifting, and the role of AI in driving the Fourth Industrial Revolution presents both opportunities and challenges. For Nvidia and other AI companies, navigating these complexities will be crucial in realizing the full potential of AI while adapting to the changing market conditions.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Adorable Reasons Why Dogs Can’t Stop Staring at You

If you have ever had a dog as a pet, you are likely familiar with this scenario: you are engaged in a task, and suddenly you look up to see your furry friend gazing at you longingly from across the room.

This common behavior may leave you wondering why it occurs and what goes on in your dog’s mind.

This behavior has been studied for decades by researchers in the field of dog psychology. Understanding why dogs stare at us so intensely was a major focus of early dog cognition research.

“One of the initial findings in dog cognition research was that dogs perceive our eyes and faces in a unique way compared to other animals, which sparked further research,” explained Professor Alexandra Horowitz, who specializes in Canine Cognition at Barnard College, Columbia University in New York.


“While other animals may also exhibit this behavior, many animals use staring as a form of intimidation. For instance, wolves may glare at unfamiliar wolves to avoid conflict.”

Why does my dog ​​stare at me?

The simplest explanation for why your dog stares at you is that they are seeking cues from you on how to behave or what to do.

“Dogs view their owners as the controllers of their world, as they dictate their daily routines and activities,” Horowitz adds.

“We decide when they eat, when they can go outside, where they can relieve themselves, and more. Dogs want to observe these actions in order to understand what they should do.”

This behavior is rooted in a deeper connection. Studies have shown that dogs possess a keen ability to discern human emotions and needs, even through facial expressions. Dogs can differentiate between emotions like anger and happiness, solely based on facial expressions.

This ability may be attributed to the strong bond that humans and dogs have developed over thousands of years of companionship.

“Humans use eye contact as a gesture of intimacy and communication with people they are close to. Dogs may have picked up on this behavior over time, showing their interest and understanding of humans by focusing on their faces,” Horowitz explains.

So, the next time your dog gazes at you, rest assured – it is a natural behavior. They are likely trying to figure out what you are doing and how they can participate. Good pups indeed!


About our experts

Alexandra Horowitz is a professor of canine cognition at Barnard College, Columbia University in New York.

Her research has been featured in journals such as Animal Cognition, Learning and Behavior, and the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

In addition to her academic work, she has authored books like “Inside of a Dog: What Dogs See, Smell, and Know” and “Year of the Puppy.”

Read more about dog science:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Three Dietary Rules for Success

Many individuals desire to shed a few pounds and maintain a healthy weight, especially as the pandemic has led to weight gain for some individuals over the past three years.

However, seeking weight loss advice online can be frustrating, as there is conflicting information from doctors, scientists, and influencers about effective fat loss strategies.

Diet expert Professor Tim Spector criticized TikTok influencers in his podcast, stating that “Exercise doesn’t work” when it comes to weight loss.

While exercise can contribute to weight loss, most people do not engage in enough physical activity for it to be the sole effective method. Some argue against calorie counting as well, noting its limitations and advising against blindly following food packaging calorie counts.

There is a wide range of diets claiming to aid in sustainable weight loss, leading to debates over which approach is most effective.

When it comes to weight loss diets, there is no one-size-fits-all solution, and it’s important to consider various factors before selecting a plan to follow.

  1. Explicitly restrict calories
  2. High in protein
  3. High in dietary fiber

1. Restrict calories (the right way)

On the topic of calorie restriction, portion control and consuming fewer calories can be effective for weight loss, though it may be challenging to maintain in the long term.

Meal replacement shakes are a popular method for calorie control as they provide a complete nutritional profile in an easy-to-consume format.

Group support programs like Slimming World and Weight Watchers offer accountability and community, enhancing adherence to diet plans.

Intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating are other strategies that can create a calorie deficit and aid in weight loss.

These dietary approaches not only focus on reducing calories but also offer additional metabolic benefits through changes in eating patterns.

2. Eat a diet high in protein

Protein-rich diets have been found to support weight loss due to the complex nature of protein’s digestion and metabolic processes.

Proteins require more energy to metabolize compared to fats and carbohydrates, making them a filling and satiating choice for those looking to reduce calorie intake.

From Atkins to Keto, high-protein diets have varying levels of carbohydrate restriction and are effective for many individuals seeking effective weight loss strategies.

3. Eat a diet high in fiber

High-fiber diets are beneficial for weight loss as fiber aids in digestion, slows down nutrient absorption, and reduces overall calorie absorption.

Consuming plant-based, high-fiber diets like the Mediterranean diet can lead to sustainable weight loss due to the filling nature of fiber-rich foods.

Consider increasing your fiber intake to promote gut health and support your weight loss goals.

This article was originally posted on June 19, 2023

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Chinese tech company promises to combat online hate speech following knife attack

Chinese internet companies have made a commitment to combat “extreme nationalism” online, specifically targeting anti-Japanese sentiment. This decision comes after a tragic incident in Suzhou, where a Chinese woman lost her life while trying to protect a Japanese mother and child.

The leading companies Tencent and NetEase have stated that they will actively investigate and ban users who promote hatred and incite conflict.

A spokesperson for Tencent, the operator of messaging app WeChat, mentioned that the incident in Jiangsu province has garnered significant public attention, with some internet users fueling tensions between China and Japan, leading to a surge in extreme nationalism.

Following the arrest of an unemployed man for the stabbing incident, which resulted in the death of the Chinese woman who intervened, there has been a mix of reactions online ranging from celebrating heroism to expressing nationalistic sentiments.

Social media platforms like Weibo and Douyin have highlighted the presence of extreme nationalistic and xenophobic content and are actively working to address these issues. This move marks a significant shift as such sentiments have been prevalent on China’s internet with minimal intervention.

In the wake of the Suzhou tragedy, online users have drawn parallels between xenophobic content online and real-world violence, emphasizing the need for regulation to prevent further incidents. Internet companies have reported removing a substantial amount of illegal content and taking action against violating posts.

Despite the efforts by internet companies, some individuals have criticized the crackdown on anti-Japan content, revealing differing perspectives within the online community. Chinese authorities have labeled the knife attack as an isolated event, in contrast to previous incidents involving foreigners.

Further research by Lin Zhihui

Source: www.theguardian.com

The genomes of the greater bilby and the kobilby were sequenced by researchers

Working with Indigenous rangers and conservation managers, University of Sydney And elsewhere, they sequenced the genomes of living organisms. Greater Bilby (Macrotis lagotis) And then it went extinct Lesser Bilby (Macrotis leuca).

Greater Bilby (Macrotis lagotis), 1988. Image credit: Queensland Government/CC BY 4.0.

The bilby is a unique marsupial and the only member of its family. Sugar gliderThese include the extant greater bilby and the extinct kobilby.

These animals are culturally significant to Aboriginal Australians and their common name is of Yuwaaraai origin. Bilba.

Bilbies were once an important source of meat for the desert people and their prized long black tails with white fluffy tips were used in cultural practices linked to deep symbolism of love and marriage.

Aboriginal knowledge, bilby song lineages, rituals and stories exist across Australia, connecting places and people, and even in areas where bilbies are now locally extinct, strong connections with the species continue.

The loss of indigenous knowledge and land management practices due to species decline is recognised as a threat to the survival of bilbies in the area.

Historically, the greater bilby was widespread, distributed across both arid and temperate regions, while the kobilby was restricted to the desert.

The decline of both bilby species has been attributed to the introduction of wild pests into Australia by European settlers, particularly predation by cats and foxes, competition with European rabbits, and changes in cultural fire practices.

Sadly, the Lesser Bilby is now extinct, having last been reported alive in 1931, although it may have survived in some desert areas until the 1960s and was well known to indigenous people of the Central Desert.

“The greater bilby reference genome is one of the highest quality marsupial genomes to date and is presented as nine segments representing each of the bilby chromosomes,” said Professor Carolyn Hogg from the University of Sydney.

“It provides insights into biology, evolution and population management.”

Professor Hogg and his colleagues used DNA from zoo animals to sequence the greater bilby's genome.

They also created the first genome of the extinct lesser bilby from the skull of a specimen collected in 1898.

“This research helps us understand what gives bilbies their unique sense of smell and how they survive in the desert without drinking water,” Prof Hogg said.

“Importantly, this genome is being used to manage bilby metapopulations in zoos, fenced reserves and islands.”

“By selecting individuals for transplant and release, we can maximize genetic diversity and improve the population's ability to adapt to a changing world.”

The authors also used the bilby genome to develop a more accurate fecal testing method to complement existing traditional land use practices by Indigenous rangers.

“We know a lot about bilbies – where they live, what they eat and how to track them,” says Scott West, a ranger at Kiwirrkurra Aboriginal Reserve in Western Australia.

“It's great to use an iPad for mapping and a camera for surveillance.”

“DNA studies will also help us to understand if the bilbies are related, where they come from and how far they may have migrated.”

“By using old and new methods together we can get useful information about bilbies and how to care for them – it's a two-way science.”

of result Published in the journal Natural Ecology and Evolution.

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CJ Hogg othersCombining genomes of extant and extinct bilbies with Indigenous knowledge will improve conservation of Australia's native marsupials. Nat Ecol EvolPublished online July 1, 2024; doi: 10.1038/s41559-024-02436-2

Source: www.sci.news

Unveiling the Hidden World of a Porn Addict: ‘I Take Extreme Caution in Concealing My Actions’

TOny, who is in his 50s, recently did a quick calculation of how much time he’s spent watching porn in his life. “The results were horrifying,” he says. Eight years. “It’s hard to even think about. The frustration is intense.”

Tony saw his first “hardcore” movie on VHS in the 1980s, when he was 12 years old. It was in his 20s that he first got online, which turned his habit into a “full-blown addiction.” For the past 30 years, he’s managed to maintain a double life: he works in care, has friendships and relationships with men and women. But there’s one side of him he keeps completely secret.

“So far, I’ve only told three people about this: two therapists, and now you,” he says. “I’ve kept it a complete secret from everyone I’ve ever known. I’m very careful to cover my tracks, even in relationships. My lack of interest in sex with my partner might be the only thing that makes her wonder.”

Tony has tried many times to stop watching porn but has never been able to go more than a month without it. He’s tried cutting down, banned masturbation, blocked porn sites, and tried to quit completely. But “the addict’s brain is very cunning and manipulative,” he says. He also tried therapy, but found it difficult to keep up with the costs long-term.

Still, Tony is grateful for one thing: he was young before the internet. “At least I had a normal youth. Parties, shows, adventures with friends. I had a girlfriend. I had a sex life. A guy like me doesn’t have that chance now.”

All statistics on pornography use in the UK and globally have skyrocketed due to the widespread use of mobile phones: in May 2023 alone, around 13.8 million people, a third of all internet-using adults, viewed pornography online.
According to Ofcom
Of these, two-thirds were male. Although pornography companies do not report (or acknowledge) statistics on underage viewers, on average, children in the UK first see pornography at age 12. In a recent study, the Children’s Commissioner for England said:
Much of what young people see is violent and extreme.

… (content continues)

Source: www.theguardian.com

CERN physicists witness exceptionally rare hyperon decay

A hyperon is a particle that contains three quarks, like a proton or a neutron, and one or more strange quarks. Physicists from the LHCb collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN say they have observed a hyperon decay Σ+→pμ+μ- in proton-proton collisions.

A view of the LHCb detector. Image courtesy of CERN.

“Rare decays of known particles are a promising tool for exploring physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics,” said the LHCb physicist.

“In the Standard Model, the Σ+ → pμ+μ- process is only possible through a loop diagram, meaning that the decay does not occur directly, but intermediate states have to be exchanged within the loop.”

“In quantum field theory, the probability of such a process occurring is the sum of the probabilities of all particles, both known and unknown, that can possibly be exchanged in this loop.”

“This is what makes such processes sensitive to new phenomena.”

“If a discrepancy is observed between experimental measurements and theoretical calculations, it may be caused by the contribution of some unknown particle.”

“These particles can either be exchanged within the loop or directly mediate this decay, interacting with the quarks and decaying into pairs of muons.”

“In the latter case, the new particle would leave a signature on the properties of the two muons.”

The study of the Σ+ → pμ+μ- decay has been particularly exciting thanks to hints of structure observed in the properties of muon pairs by the HyperCP collaboration in 2005.

With only three occurrences the structure was far from conclusive, and it was hoped that new research would shed light on the situation.

Finally, the LHCb data did not show any significant peak structure in the two-muon mass region highlighted by HyperCP, thus refuting the hint.

However, the new study observes the decay with a high degree of significance, followed by precise measurements of the decay probability and other parameters, which will allow further investigation of the discrepancy with the Standard Model predictions.

“In data collected in Run 2 of pp collisions at the LHCb experiment, the Σ+ → pμ+μ− decay is observed with very high significance, with a yield of NΣ+→pμ+μ− = 279 ± 19,” the authors write in their paper. paper.

“We do not see any structure in the two-muon invariant mass distribution that is consistent with the Standard Model predictions.”

“The collected signal yield allows for measurements of integral and differential branching rates, as well as other measurements such as charge-parity symmetry breaking and front-to-back asymmetry.”

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LHCb Collaboration. 2024. Observation of rare Σ+→pμ+μ− decays at LHCb. CERN-LHCb-CONF-2024-002

Source: www.sci.news

Snowball Earth’s harsh environmental conditions provided a competitive edge for the evolution of multicellular organisms

Fossil and molecular evidence suggests that complex multicellular organisms arose and proliferated during the Neoproterozoic Era (1-541 million years ago). An extreme glacial period during the Cryogenian Period (720-635 million years ago), an event commonly referred to as Snowball Earth, led to dramatic changes in Earth's climate and oceans. New research suggests that Snowball Earth was an environmental trigger for the proliferation of complex multicellularity across multiple groups of eukaryotic organisms.

Artist's impression of “Snowball Earth.” Image courtesy of NASA.

Solving the mystery of why multicellular organisms emerged could help pinpoint life on other planets and explain the enormous diversity and complexity seen on Earth today, from marine sponges to redwoods to human societies.

The prevailing thinking is that oxygen levels must reach a certain threshold for a single cell to form a multicellular colony.

However, the oxygen story does not fully explain why the multicellular ancestors of animals, plants and fungi emerged simultaneously, or why the transition to multicellularity took more than a billion years.

The new study shows how the specific physical conditions of Snowball Earth, particularly the viscosity of the oceans and the depletion of resources, may have led eukaryotes to become multicellular.

“It seems almost counterintuitive that these extremely harsh conditions – this frozen planet – could actually select for larger, more complex organisms, rather than causing species to become extinct or shrink in size,” said William Crockett, a doctoral student at MIT.

Using scaling theory, Crockett and his colleagues found that a hypothetical ancestor of early animals, reminiscent of swimming algae that fed on prey instead of photosynthesizing, would have grown in size and complexity under Snowball Earth pressures.

In contrast, single-celled organisms that move and feed by diffusion, such as bacteria, will grow small.

“The world changed after Snowball Earth because new life forms emerged on the planet,” said Professor Christopher Kemps of the Santa Fe Institute.

“One of the central questions of evolution is: How did we evolve from nothing on Earth to beings and societies like us? Was it all by chance?”

“We don't think it's luck. There are ways to predict these big changes.”

The study shows how, during the Snowball Earth era, the oceans froze, blocking sunlight and reducing photosynthesis, which resulted in nutrient depletion in the oceans.

Larger organisms that could process more water were more likely to eat enough to survive.

As the glaciers melt, these large creatures could expand even further.

“Our study provides hypotheses about ancestral features to look for in the fossil record,” Crockett said.

of study Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

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William W. Crockett others2024. Snowball Earth's physical constraints drive the evolution of multicellularity. Proc. R. Soc. B 291 (2025): 20232767; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2767

This article is a version of a press release provided by the Santa Fe Institute.

Source: www.sci.news

Strange crystal structure reveals incredibly complex maze

Can you find your way out of the red center of the maze? Scroll down for the answer

University of Bristol

An algorithm designed to find the most efficient path from atom to atom in a strange kind of crystal turns out to create incredibly complex mazes. In addition to building mazes, the technique could also be useful for speeding up certain industrial chemical reactions.

The crystals in question are called quasicrystals because their atoms are arranged in a repeating fashion like normal crystals, but they exhibit more complex and unpredictable symmetries. Although such crystals have been synthesized in laboratories and were produced during the first nuclear weapon detonation in 1945, only one natural source has been found so far: a meteorite found in Russia in 1985.

“Quasicrystals have all the symmetries that normal crystals don’t have. [normal] The crystals are very interesting.” Felix Flicker Professor at the University of Bristol in the UK. “It’s a very beautiful area of mathematics, but you can appreciate that beauty directly without knowing the details.”

Fricker and his colleagues developed an algorithm to quickly generate paths that contact every atom in a quasicrystal exactly once. Diagrams of these paths form beautiful maze-like structures.

Creating such a pathway is known in computer science as an NP-complete problem, a problem that becomes exponentially more complicated as the number of atoms increases. These problems can quickly become virtually impossible to compute at large scales, but the researchers have found that in some quasicrystals the problem is unexpectedly simple.

“This was quite surprising, since this problem in general is known to be essentially unsolvable and, since these quasicrystals do not have translational symmetry, it did not seem to offer any obvious simplifications,” Fricker says.

The solution to the maze is marked in red

University of Bristol

Developing such a pathway, Fricker says, could be put to practical use in a laboratory technique called scanning tunneling microscopy, in which an extremely sharp tip is maneuvered over a material to sense individual atoms one by one, building up an atomic-level picture. Creating complex images, such as one of the quasicrystal itself, can take up to a month, but Fricker says that time could be cut in half if a more efficient pathway could be found to capture each atom.

Fricker also believes the technique could be used to create crystalline catalysts for industrial chemical processes that are more efficient than current methods, making certain compounds faster or less costly to produce. But Fricker thinks other uses may also become apparent over time. “I hope the most interesting uses will be ones that we haven’t even thought of.”

Physical Review X
DOI: In press

Source: www.newscientist.com

A recently identified bird species found in the Lesser Sunda Islands

A team of scientists from the Swedish Museum of Natural History has described a new species of nightjar that lives in the tropical forests of Timor Island and Wetar in the Lesser Sunda Archipelago.



Male Caprimargus ritae in Wetar, October 13, 2014. Image courtesy of James Eaton.

Nightjar It is a medium-sized, nocturnal, enterophagous bird belonging to the family. Caprimulgidae And the order Black-tailed Gulls.

These birds are found all over the world, except Antarctica and certain island groups such as the Seychelles.

Nightjars have long wings, short legs and a very short beak and usually catch flying insects at night. During the day they sleep on the ground or usually perched upright on a branch.

“Nightjars are one of the most difficult birds to study because of their discreet nocturnal behaviour and inconspicuous plumage,” said lead author Dr George Sangster and his colleagues.

In their study, the authors: Caprimargus maculus Complex.

This species complex is found from Pakistan to Australia and consists of six morphologically similar species with distinct calls.

“Field surveys on Timor Island and on Wetar Island in the Lesser Sunda Archipelago have revealed a seventh species in the complex, which we call a new species,” the researchers said.

“This species has Caprimargus maculus, Caprimargus selebensis and Caprimargus manilensis However, this species differs from these and all other species in this complex in at least 13 vocal traits.”

Named Caprimargus ritae Like the Timor nightjar or the Timor nightjar, this new species is not found in any other part of its range. Caprimargus maculus Complex.

This bird is a forest specialist and has been recorded in a wide range of tropical forests, from tall evergreen forests to dry deciduous forests, mainly at altitudes below 1,000 metres, with one record from 1,500 metres above sea level.

Caprimargus ritae “This is the fourth bird species known to be endemic to both Timor and Wetar islands,” the scientists said.

“Other species include the Timorese giant pigeon (Ducula cineracea), Wetal ground pigeon (Pumps Sana Gallicorumba Howety) and Rainbow lorikeet (Saudareos Iris)

“Six species found on Timor and Wetar are only found on Atauro, Roti and Semau islands. Caprimargus ritae This is also true for several other bird species.”

“Wetar is closer to Timor (51km) than Alor (76km). The exclave of Atauro island is just 23km from Timor and 21km from Wetar.”

Cyt b The Timor and Wetar sequence shows the colonization of Timor to Wetar, or vice versa probably quite recently.”

of study Published in the journal Ibis.

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Ben F. King others A new species of nightjar (Capri Margos) from Timor and Wetar, the Lesser Sunda Islands, and Wallacea. Ibis Published online June 24, 2024, doi: 10.1111/ibi.13340

Source: www.sci.news

California facing increased heat and fire risks leading up to Fourth of July weekend

California is bracing for a dangerous combination of extreme heat and high fire risk this week as people across the state celebrate Independence Day outdoors. Temperatures in the Sacramento Valley could soar to 115 degrees Fahrenheit, according to meteorologist Kate Forrest from the National Weather Service in Sacramento. Heat warnings have been issued for the region starting Tuesday and are expected to last through Saturday.

Forecasters anticipate the heat wave to start in inland California on Tuesday before spreading to the Pacific Northwest and Southern California later in the week. Heat watches, warnings, and advisories will be in effect across the West on Tuesday from southern Oregon to southeastern California’s low desert according to the National Weather Service.

The increase in temperatures is due to a strong high-pressure system lingering in the region. Governor Gavin Newsom has instructed emergency officials to activate the state’s operations center in response to the upcoming heatwave.

The hot weather could see nighttime temperatures exceed 80 degrees Fahrenheit in some areas, with inland California facing “extreme” conditions by Friday, as indicated on the Heat Risk Map from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Weather Service.

Southern Oregon, including the Medford area, is also under a heat watch through Saturday. Meanwhile, Pacific Gas & Electric has warned of potential power outages in 10 California counties on Tuesday due to high winds and dry conditions.

Given the high temperatures and dry conditions, there is an increased risk of wildfires, prompting caution during Fourth of July celebrations involving fireworks. The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection is monitoring 13 active fires in the state.

Climate change has been linked to the increased frequency and intensity of heat waves and wildfires. Analysis from Climate Central shows that regions like the Sacramento Valley are experiencing more fire-prone weather compared to previous decades.

With heat waves growing in frequency and duration, it is important for residents to take precautions to stay safe during extreme weather events.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Australian rituals have persisted for 12,000 years, as evidenced by ancient artefacts

Ancient ritual sticks discovered in Australia's Clogs Cave

Gunaikurnai Land and Water Aboriginal Corporation

Wooden artefacts found in Australian caves suggest Aboriginal rituals recorded in the 19th century.Number The ritual is believed to have taken place 12,000 years ago, making it possibly the oldest cultural ceremony in the world.

Between 2019 and 2020, a team of archaeologists and members of the local Indigenous community of Gunaikurnai in southeastern Australia carried out excavations at Clogs Cave, near the Snowy River in Victoria.

The site had been partially excavated in the 1970s, but during new work the team discovered two preserved fireplaces, containing mostly unfired artefacts made from local wood. Casalina Chemical analysis of the wooden remains found showed they were smeared with animal or human fat and dated to between 11,000 and 12,000 years ago, making them some of the oldest wooden artefacts found in Australia.

This alone would have been a major puzzling discovery, but the researchers and local residents were also examining the ethnographic reports of 19 other people.NumberAlfred Howitt was a 20th century cultural anthropologist who studied the customs and traditions of tribes in south-eastern Australia in the 1880s.

In 1887, close to Clogs Cave, he recorded the rituals of the indigenous “wizards”, powerful medicine men of Gunaikurnai, now known as “Mula-Mlang”, who smeared wooden throwing sticks with animal or human fat. Casalina The wood is placed in small ritual fires and used as magical talismans and curses, a ritual he understood to be used against enemies or anyone the ritualist wishes to harm.

“During this time, the wizard would continue to chant the spell – as the saying goes, he would 'sing the man's name' – and when the stick fell, the spell was complete – a practice that continues to this day,” Howitt writes.

Bruno David Monash University in Melbourne Russell MalletThe Gunaikurnai elder said similarities between archaeological finds and ethnographic descriptions led him to believe the same rituals had been taking place for up to 12,000 years.

Mallet said he was convinced of the connection because Howitt's description matched so closely with what was found in the cave — the type of wood and the position of the fat on the sticks were exactly as Howitt described them.

“This will ensure the longevity of our oral traditions and knowledge and the passing of that knowledge from generation to generation,” Mallett says.

David says the conclusions slowly deepened with the discovery of these unusual wood artefacts.

“Archaeologists never see the rituals that were taking place behind these ancient ruins,” he says, “and to me it's really amazing that the physical evidence that matches the cultural knowledge so well has remained so largely intact and for so long. It's exactly what Howitt described.”

“The team's methodology is thorough and excellent.” Paul Tassone At Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.

According to Tason, these communities have undergone many changes over time, but this ritual appears to have remained constant: “What strikes me about this is that for this same form of ritual to have continued for such a long period of time, it must have been considered important and effective.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Debris from the Moon could be concealed within the Earth

Have you ever looked up at Earth’s Moon and wondered where it came from? Most scientists agree that a small planet called Theia collided with the young Earth 4.5 billion years ago. Most of the debris from this giant impact coalesced to become the Moon we see today. But where did the rest of Theia go? Qian Yuan and his colleagues hypothesize that Earth absorbed parts of Theia during the impact, and that these remnants of Theia remain deep inside Earth to this day.

Scientists believe that waves called mechanical energy waves Seismic wavesAs it passes through certain zones inside the Earth, its speed slows down. Large slow states Previous researchers have suggested that these zones are graveyards of ancient ocean floors that sunk into the Earth’s interior during plate tectonics, but Yuan’s team proposes that these zones could be the remains of Theia.

The research team found that the LLVP contains gases such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Volatile substancesVolatiles are most likely present during the formation of solar systems and planets, when material floating in space begins to accumulate. Because volatiles are light, they can escape into space if they get the chance. When Earth and Theia collided, volatiles from both planets were caught up in the collision. Scientists believe that most of the volatiles escaped into space, but Yuan and his colleagues suggested that some of Theia may have captured these volatiles and sunk deep inside the Earth, forming the LLVP.

To test whether the LLVP is a remnant of Theia, the researchers used a computer model designed to test how different types of solid matter interact with each other. Thermal evolution modelHe explained that other researchers have shown that Theia is made of a much denser material than Earth, so they wanted to test whether Theia’s denser material would mix completely with Earth’s or remain separate.

The researchers used a thermal evolution model to randomly scatter chunks of Theia-like material throughout a mass of Earth-like material and calculate how well they would mix. They ran eight models with chunks of different sizes, densities, and temperatures. In almost all of these models, they found that Theia’s material sank deep into the Earth and coalesced into LLVP-like mountains without mixing with Earth’s material.

The researchers performed seven giant impact simulations to further explore how Theia interacted with the young Earth. They used these simulations to collide Theia with Earth and calculate how that impact would have affected the Earth’s interior. These simulations found that after the collision with Theia, denser, more solid material sank toward the center, while less dense material stayed toward the surface, resulting in a layered Earth’s interior. The researchers explain that these simulations also suggest that denser material from Theia sunk deep inside the Earth without mixing.

The researchers concluded that Theia’s remains may have sunk to Earth and coalesced into a region similar to the LLVP, where it remained for the next 4.5 billion years. They further proposed that if Theia’s material was preserved inside the Earth for billions of years, the composition of the Earth’s interior could have changed.

They suggested that future researchers test their hypothesis by comparing the composition of the LLVP with basalts found on the Moon to see if it matches up. They also suggested that researchers use newer, more accurate models of Earth’s thermal evolution to further explore how Theia’s impact with Earth may have affected the evolution of Earth’s interior and the formation of the LLVP.


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Source: sciworthy.com

There is minimal nutritional variance between Baby-led weaning and spoon-feeding

Baby-led weaning can be a hassle

Oscar Wong/Getty Images

Babies who are hand-fed solid foods appear to take in the same number of calories as those spoon-fed pureed foods, suggesting that this type of 'baby-led weaning' may not have any particular nutritional advantages or disadvantages.

Despite its growing popularity, there is little scientific understanding of baby-led weaning, according to Kinsey Matzeler To investigate further, researchers at the University of Colorado asked the parents of 100 healthy 5-month-old infants living in the Denver, Colorado, area to report their infants' food and milk intake over a three-day period and also to weigh the food on their plates before and after meals to determine how much their infants had eaten.

Parents returned reports of their babies' food intake when they were 9 and 12 months old, and Matzeler and his team measured the babies' weight and size at each time point.

Using food records, the researchers identified 35 infants who were following a baby-led feeding system. Pureed foods account for less than 10% of total caloriesTo compare the groups, the team selected 35 normally breastfed babies who were matched to the babies in the Baby Lead weaning group for race, sex, and whether they were breastfed or formula-fed. Matzeler presented her findings June 30 at the 10th International Infant Nutrition Congress in Chicago, Illinois. American Society for Nutrition Annual Meeting.

The researchers found that daily energy intake, defined as calories per kilogram of the baby's body weight, was not significantly different between the two groups at any time point. The baby-led weaning infants consumed about 22 percent more protein than the other infants at 9 months of age, but this amount had returned to normal by 12 months of age.

At 9 and 12 months, infants who were fed solid foods were gaining weight relative to their age and height, but the differences were relatively small.

“Our experience is that if you were to show us the growth curves of babies weaned on baby powder and babies weaned the traditional way, you probably wouldn't be able to tell which was which,” Matzeler says, “and when you look at the babies, they're pretty similar.”

One key difference was that baby-led feeding was more common among mothers who attended college and whose families had higher annual incomes, suggesting a slight bias toward the middle class, perhaps because these parents can afford the time and money that baby-led feeding often requires, Matzeler says.

The results appear to contradict those of the UK study. Reduced energy intake when starting solid foods and Increased weight gainpictureInfants who drink electronic milk and also drink powdered milkHowever, the exact reason is unclear.

“Further research into feeding is needed to understand whether it has positive health outcomes for babies who follow this feeding style and whether these outcomes are truly due to the babies being fed, or to the socio-economic status of the parents who are more likely to follow this feeding style,” the researchers said. Joe Pierce At Sheffield Hallam University, UK.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Top Science Fiction Books of July 2024 Featuring Keanu Reeves’ First Novel

Keanu Reeves: 'A pioneer who transcends genres'

See Li/Picture Capital/Alamy

This month is packed with big names in science fiction, including the release of Keanu Reeves' debut novel, the latest from one of Britain's top science fiction writers, Adam Roberts, and a quantum novel from Pen Shepherd.

The one I'm most excited about is Mateo Askaripour This great hemisphereBut it's a mix of science fiction and political thriller, and highly recommended. Perfect holiday reading for late July. Zero stars, not recommendedmany vacationers go a little Lord of the Flies When the sun shines at a luxury resort, it's the perfect time to relax.

According to the publisher, this is a collaboration between “two pioneers across genres,” with Keanu Reeves BRZRKR A comic book immortal soldier wants to die – “a tall, thin man who peers at them from beneath his long dark hair” – and is clearly a Reeves likeness – and a US covert operations group says they'll grant his wish to die if he helps the team first.

I’m a big China Miéville fan, so I’ve already read a few of them (if you haven’t already, Embassy Town Grab a copy as soon as you read it, it's a very clever, moving piece of sci-fi, and of course, I’m a huge Reeves fan, because… Keanu Reeves.

But I had to put the book aside because it was too glamorous for me to continue reading. I might start reading it again though, because if I can't believe in Neo, who can I trust? Maybe I need to get in the zone.

Okay, I'm definitely going to do this. Not only does it sound super interesting, but Roberts' acting is undoubtedly great. This time around, we have two spaceships orbiting a black hole. The crew of both ships are killed within the same afternoon by Captain Alpha Rayne, who is told to do so by a voice emanating from the black hole. This voice is the rather charmingly named “Mr. Modo.” Of course, no one believes Rayne, but something seems to be emanating from within the black hole.

Set in the future, this novel tells the story of a young woman who, after being relegated to second-class citizenship, sets out to find her brother, whom she believed to be dead but is now a suspect in a high-profile murder case. Publishers have compared it to works by N.K. Jemisin and Naomi Alderman, and an early review on book trade site Kirkus called it “an engrossing page-turner about a future made all too real by an unsettling present.” It sounds interesting, and I’m definitely interested to give it a read.

This sounds very interesting. It is set in a near-future world where cancer is on the verge of being eradicated thanks to a new technological cure in which all the cells in the body are replaced with “nanites” – robotic cells that cure the sick, in fact making the patient nearly immortal.

We follow Young-hoon, a literary scholar who has not only created a machine that can think, but is also undergoing a new form of nanotherapy and much more. The book promises to explore “the nature of intelligence and the unexpected consequences of progress, the meaning of humanity and life, and what we should really fear about technology and the future.” It's a lot for a novel, but I’m up for the challenge.

The Edge of Solitude is set on a ship heading to Antarctica.

Shutterstock/Vadim_N

The eco-thriller is set “in a time of severe climate crisis” on a ship heading to Antarctica to hopefully save the region. On board is Ivy Cunningham, a disgraced environmental activist trying to salvage her reputation but also beginning to question the motives of her fellow passengers and the project as a whole.

“Unprofessional underachiever” Dan Foster is vacationing at an island resort when the sun suddenly explodes. As temperatures drop and a revolution begins, he must choose between saving himself and the other guests. Paradise coming to an end? I'll be there!

Marsh, 45, wasn’t happy with where her life was headed, from her career to her marriage to her relationship with her teenage daughter. So when she got the chance to be the star of a TV game show, she was stunned. All this and moreIn “Happy Happiness”, a game that uses quantum technology to allow participants to travel back in time, she gets it. But as you can imagine, even though she gets everything she wants, it all starts to feel a little strange and Marsh begins to ask herself if it was worth it. This is another one for my holiday reading. I love a “live happily ever after” story and when you add time travel and quantum magic dust to the mix, it's amazing.

This new novella is The Red Scholar's Trail is a space opera with a twist of martial arts. Set in an outer space known as the Hollow, home to the mysterious and terrifying Tanglers. When the Tanglers escape, they must be captured before they destroy a civilian city. Two young men from rival clans tasked with stopping the Tanglers find themselves developing feelings for each other.

Featuring characters ranging from a boy trying to bring the natural world back into urban life to a ballet dancer trying to inhabit the consciousness of a mouse, the collection offers us a “kaleidoscopic view of the climate crisis,” the publishers promise (why, at the moment, it’s unclear, but I’d like to know).

Gravity Lost is the second book in the space-based Ambit's Run series.

Shutterstock/Corona Borealis Studios

This is the second installment in the Ambit's Run series of sagas. Cascading FailuresIt sees the crew of the Ambit, having just prevented the destruction of a planet, attempting to break out of prison a man they'd just handed over to one of Spiral's major forces.

Agent Gregory Roark is tasked with finding a teleportation portal on a faraway colony planet, but the former bounty hunter finds himself facing off against better-equipped rivals and the killing begins… in the latest installment of the series.

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  • New Scientist Book Club

Source: www.newscientist.com

EU accuses Meta of breaking digital law by charging for ad-free social network

According to the European Commission, Meta, led by Mark Zuckerberg, has breached the EU’s new digital law with its advertising strategy. This model involved charging users for access to ad-free versions of Facebook and Instagram.

Last year, Meta introduced a “pay or consent” system to comply with EU data privacy regulations. Under this model, users could pay a monthly fee to use Facebook and Instagram without ads and with their personal data not utilized for advertising. Non-paying users agree to have their data used for personalized ads during the signing-up process.

The European Commission, the executive body of the EU, stated that this model does not align with the Digital Markets Act (DMA) created to regulate big tech companies. The Commission’s initial findings of the “Pay or Consent” investigation revealed that this model coerces users into consenting to data collection across various platforms. Additionally, users are not given the option to choose services that use less data but are similar to the ad-supported versions of Facebook and Instagram.

The Commission expressed that this alternative does not offer users a comparable less personalized version of the Meta network, forcing them to agree to data integration. To comply with the DMA, Meta would need to launch a version of Facebook or Instagram using less user data.

In response, a Meta spokesperson mentioned that the new model was designed to adhere to regulatory requirements such as the DMA. They highlighted that subscriptions as an alternative to advertising are a common business model and were implemented to address various obligations.

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The European Commission is required to complete its investigation by the end of March next year. Meta may face fines of up to 10% of its global turnover, amounting to $13.5 billion (£10.5 billion). The Commission recently found Apple guilty of violating the DMA by impeding competition in its app store.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Signs of a Deepfake: Dirty chins, strange hands, and odd numbers

This is a crucial election year for the world, with misinformation swirling on social media as countries including the UK, US and France go to the polls.

There are major concerns about whether deepfakes – images and audio of key politicians created using artificial intelligence to mislead voters – could influence election outcomes.

While it has not been a major talking point in the UK elections so far, examples are steadily emerging around the world, including in the US, where a presidential election is looming.

Notable visual elements include:

Discomfort around the mouth and jaw

In deepfake videos, the area around the mouth can be the biggest clue: There may be fewer wrinkles on the skin, less detail around the mouth, and a blurry or smudged chin. Poor syncing between a person’s voice and mouth is another telltale sign.

The deepfake video, posted on June 17, shows Nigel Farage simulating the destruction of Rishi Sunak’s house in Minecraft. Deepfake satire trend A video showing politicians playing online games.

A few days later, Another Simulation Video Keir Starmer was seen playing Minecraft and setting up traps in “Nigel’s Pub”.

Dr Mhairi Aitken, an ethics researcher at the Alan Turing Institute, the UK’s national AI lab, says the first feature of Minecraft deepfakes is, of course, the “absurdity of the situation”, but another sign of AI-generated media and manipulation is the imperfect synchronization of voice and mouth.

“This is particularly clear in the section where Farage is speaking,” Aitken said.

Another way to tell, Aitken says, is to see if shadows fall in the right places, or if lines and creases in the face move in the way you expect them to.

Ardi Djandzheva, a researcher at the institute, added that the low resolution of the overall video is another telltale sign people should look out for because it “looks like something that was quickly stitched together.” He said people have become accustomed to this amateurish technique due to the prevalence of “rudimentary, low-resolution scam email attempts.”

This lo-fi approach also shows up in prominent areas like the mouth and jawline, he says: “There’s an excessive blurring and smudge of facial features that are the focus of the viewer’s attention, like the mouth.”

Strange elements of the speech

Another deepfake video featured audio edited from Keir Starmer’s 2023 New Year’s speech pitching an investment scheme.

If you listen closely, you’ll notice some odd sentence structure: Starmer repeatedly says “pound” before a figure, for example “pound 35,000 per month”.

Aitken said the voice and mouth were again out of sync and the lower part of the face was blurred, adding that the use of “pounds” before the numbers suggested a text-to-speech tool had probably been used to recreate Starmer’s voice.

“This mirrors typical spoken language patterns, as it is likely a written-to-speech tool was used, which has not been confirmed,” she says. “There are clues in the intonation as well, which maintains a fairly monotonous rhythm and pattern throughout. A good way to check the authenticity of a video is to compare the voice, mannerisms and expressions to a recording of a real person to see if there is consistency.”

Face and body consistency

This deepfake video of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky calling on civilians to lay down their arms to Russian forces was circulated in March 2022. The head is disproportionately large compared to the rest of the body, and the skin on the neck and face is a different color.

Hany Farid, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and an expert on deepfake detection, said this is “a classic deepfake.” The immobile body is the telltale sign, he said. “The defining feature of this so-called Puppet Master deepfake is that the body is immobile from the neck down.”

Discontinuities throughout the video clip

The video, which went viral in May 2024, falsely shows U.S. State Department spokesman Matthew Miller telling a reporter that “there are virtually no civilians left in Belgorod,” justifying the Ukrainian military’s attack on the Russian city of Belgorod. The video was tweeted by the Russian embassy in South Africa and has since been removed, according to Russian media. BBC journalist.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Hubble’s Stunning Photo of NGC 4951

In this new image, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope captures the glow of spiral galaxy NGC 4951.



This Hubble image shows NGC 4951, a spiral galaxy about 49 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. Image courtesy of NASA / ESA / Hubble / D. Thilker / M. Zamani, ESA and Hubble.

NGC 4951 is located about 49 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo.

Also known as AGC 530015, IRAS 13025-0613, or LEDA 45246, the galaxy has a diameter of about 65,000 light-years.

It was discovered on April 17, 1784 by German-born British astronomer William Herschel.

The new image of NGC 4951 is Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) is in the ultraviolet, infrared, and optical parts of the spectrum.

It is based on data acquired through six filters: color is generated by assigning a different hue to each monochrome image associated with an individual filter.

“The data used to create this image was taken by Hubble as part of a program to study how matter and energy move in nearby galaxies,” Hubble astronomers said. statement.

“Galaxy undergoes continuous cycles of star formation: gas within galaxies forms molecular clouds, which collapse to form new stars, and then the formed clouds are dispersed by powerful radiation and stellar winds in a process called feedback.”

“The remaining gas will form new clouds elsewhere,” the researchers added.

“This cycle of matter and energy transfer determines how quickly a galaxy forms stars and how quickly it exhausts its supply of gas — in other words, how the galaxy evolves throughout its life.”

“To understand this evolution, we need to know the nebulae, stars and star clusters in our galaxy, when they formed and what their past behavior is.”

“The Hubble Telescope has always excelled at measuring stellar populations, and its work tracking gas and star formation in galaxies including NGC 4951 is no exception,” the astronomers noted.

NGC 4951 is also classified as a Seyfert galaxy, a type of galaxy that has a so-called active galactic nucleus.

“The image gives a good glimpse into how energetic the galaxy is and some of the dynamic galactic activity that transports matter and energy throughout the galaxy: a glowing core surrounded by swirling arms, pink-hued star-forming regions, and thick dust,” the researchers said.

Source: www.sci.news

Review: Game On – An exciting day at the interactive gaming expo

Enjoy circle as you step through the door of This exhibition. The first sight that greets you is the PDP-10, a giant mainframe computer that programmed SpaceWar, the groundbreaking video game. Adjacent to it sits a vibrant yellow Pong arcade cabinet from 1972. Moving on, you’ll encounter the classic cabinets for Puck Man (later Pac-Man) and Space Invaders, evoking a sense of nostalgia for gaming enthusiasts. While seasoned players may not discover new insights at Game On, they are sure to revel in the experience.

Game On, an exhibition that debuted at the Barbican in London in 2002, offers a captivating journey through the evolution of video games. Despite being closed briefly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been touring internationally since its inception, finally opening in Edinburgh. As someone who attended the exhibition with my father 22 years ago, I am excited to now take my children and introduce them to the classic games I loved in my youth. The exhibition allows visitors to play a wide range of games, from Donkey Kong to Guitar Hero, offering a nostalgic trip through the ’80s, ’90s, and ’00s.

Puck Man and Pac-Man at Game On at the National Museum of Scotland. Photo: National Museum of Scotland

The exhibition has evolved over the years, not just reflecting technological advancements in gaming but also highlighting overlooked figures like Carol Shaw and Jerry Lawson. It also pays homage to Scotland’s gaming legacy, showcasing not just mainstream hits like Grand Theft Auto but also lesser-known Scottish indie games.

While the initial decades of video game history were marked by technological advancements, the recent years have seen a shift towards human-driven innovation in game development. Game On provides a comprehensive overview of gaming consoles and their associated games, offering visitors a nostalgic trip down memory lane.

A screenshot from the Scottish indie game “Viewfinder,” which reflects the countries the team is touring. Photography: Sad Owl Studios

Game On presents a conventional yet engaging history of interactive gaming, with a strong emphasis on gameplay. Although it may not delve deeply into the development processes or creators behind the games, visitors will delight in playing over 100 games in a lively, family-friendly setting.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Top Theatre Streaming Options this Month: Shakespeare Vs The Tories, Mel C’s Dance Show and Beyond

The Importance of Being an Oscar

Michael Mac Liamoir’s 1960 solo show intertwined the private and public life of Oscar Wilde with excerpts from the great Irish wit’s work. Alastair Whatley, who directed The Importance of Being Earnest a few years ago, recently performed Mac Liamoir’s monologues in reading repertory. A recording of the production, directed by Michael Fentiman, is available from the original online. From July 1st.

How did we get here?

Melanie C, of the Spice Girls, has always shied away from contemporary dance: “I found it scary,” she said last year on the eve of a show at Sadler’s Wells with Jules Cunningham and Harry Alexander. But of the contemplative work the trio have devised, she urged, “Look at it with an open mind, it will make you think.” Free to watch until July 25th.

Shakes Against the Machine

In the run up to the July 4th general election, Rob Miles and the Chronic Insanity troupe Web Series combined news headlines from the last 14 years of Conservative governments with Shakespeare’s speeches to show that “the challenges we face are on the same tragic scale as some of his darkest plays”.

Bonnie and Clyde: The Musical

In a sign of continuing tough times for the theatre world, a tour of the Depression-era musical about a robbery was recently cancelled due to poor ticket sales, but a version filmed at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane starring Jeremy Jordan and Frances Maeli McCann is currently running. on demand.

Schwartz’s Song

This album is a collection of 16 carefully selected tracks from the band’s back catalogue spanning half a century, all newly recorded. Introduction to Stephen Schwartz There are three numbers from Godspell, Pippin’s Empty Horn, and The Baker’s Wife’s Meadowlark (due for a revival in 2008). Menier Chocolate Factory) and Defying Gravity will be sung by the four Elphabas from Wicked: Kerry Ellis, Rachel Tucker, Lucie Jones and Alice Fearn.

Hamlet at Elsinore

How about a location-specific play? In 1964, the BBC broadcast a film of Hamlet, shot entirely on location. Kronborg Castle It was produced in Denmark and starred Christopher Plummer as the Tragic Prince, Michael Caine as Horatio, Steven Berkoff as Fortinbras, Lindsay Kemp, and the late Donald Sutherland. On iPlayer.

Starlight Express

Andrew Lloyd Webber’s Starlight Express in London Bard – is the perfect introduction to musicals for children. Yotois an audio platform where you play “cards” using a cheerfully designed cube machine. Starlight Song card released from 1984 (each of which displays colorful graphics on the machine’s screen), with story explanations interspersed between them.

Dub

French-Senegalese choreographer and former hip-hop dancer Amara Dianore’s show is an explosive hour that explores urban dance styles from around the world. Competitive, collaborative and engaging, the free-flowing show will tour Europe this summer but has already Arte and YoutubeThe photo was taken at the Maison de la Culture in Grenoble.

Until the stars come down

Nottingham playwright Beth Steele is going from strength to strength. Following the huge success of House of Shade at the Almeida, this wedding play delighted audiences at the National’s Dorfman Theatre earlier this year. Directed by Bijan Shaybani, NT Home.

Through the cracks

Created by the Office of Everyone and English Touring Theatre, the app uses augmented reality to peel back the floorboards and see the drama unfold beneath your feet, with each story revolving around a character who, in some way, has disappeared through the cracks. In timeis a queer romance written by Sonali Bhattacharya, narrated by Ian McKellan, and starring the always-stellar Sophie Melville. Available Now.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Study shows that snacking on baby carrots can have positive impacts on health

A recent study has shown that including just three baby carrots in your weekly diet can boost levels of beneficial carotenoids in your skin, particularly in young people.

These findings suggest that making small changes to your diet can have a significant impact on your health.

Researchers at Samford University conducted a study that revealed how incorporating baby carrots into your diet can increase carotenoids in your skin, which have various health benefits. When baby carrots were combined with a multivitamin containing beta-carotene, the levels of carotenoids in the skin increased even more significantly.


Carotenoids are compounds responsible for the vibrant colors of fruits and vegetables like red, orange, and yellow. They can only be obtained through diet and are used as an indicator of fruit and vegetable intake.

According to Mary Harper Simmons, a nutrition master’s student at Samford University and the study author, higher carotenoid intake leads to higher levels of antioxidants in the body, reducing inflammation and lowering the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and cardiovascular disease.

Previous research has shown that consuming three times the recommended daily intake of fruits and vegetables for three weeks can increase carotenoids in the skin. This study aimed to create a convenient snack rich in carotenoids that people enjoy.

Results of the study were presented at the American Academy of Nutrition’s annual meeting in Chicago. Participants were randomly assigned to different dietary intervention groups, including consuming baby carrots, a multivitamin supplement, or a combination of both. The group that ate baby carrots saw a 10.8% increase in skin carotenoid scores, while the combination group had a 21.6% increase.

Going forward, the research team plans to explore different populations and other carotenoid-rich foods like sweet potatoes and green leafy vegetables.

About our experts

Mary Harper Simmons: A master’s student in nutrition at Samford University and presenter of the talk “Effect of a 4-week intervention with baby carrots or a multivitamin supplement on skin carotenoid scores in young adults” at the NUTRITION 2024 conference.


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7 Dinosaurs that Are Completely Misunderstood by Everyone

Despite their intimidating appearance, dinosaurs were not slow, lumbering creatures as previously thought. As our knowledge of these prehistoric creatures grows, our early assumptions are being proven wrong. Here are seven significant ways our understanding of dinosaurs has evolved:

1. Tyrannosaurus Rex

In 1902, paleontologist Barnum Brown discovered a massive pile of bones in Hell Creek, Montana. These bones belonged to a towering, bipedal creature with a fierce, predatory look – the Tyrannosaurus Rex. Over the years, numerous T. rex skeletons have been unearthed, revealing it as one of the largest and most powerful carnivorous animals to have lived. Recent discoveries, such as the presence of feathers, suggest T. rex was more complex than originally thought.

Cast of a Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton on display in the main gallery of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History in Oxford, UK – Image credit: Alamy

2. Iguanodon

In 1822, Gideon Mantell presented a fossil discovered in Sussex, England, to the Royal Society. Initially mistaken for belonging to a giant fish or rhinoceros, the tooth actually belonged to a dinosaur, later named Iguanodon. Subsequent findings have revealed Iguanodon as a giant, ground-dwelling dinosaur with spikes on its hands for defense.

3. Dryptosaurus

Discovered in New Jersey in 1866, Dryptosaurus was one of the first well-preserved carnivorous dinosaur skeletons found in North America. Originally named “Laelaps,” it was later corrected to Dryptosaurus. The predator’s agility and speed challenged old perceptions of dinosaurs as slow-moving creatures.

Dryptosaurus as imagined in 1869 – Image courtesy of Alamy

4. Elasmosaurus

When Elasmosaurus was discovered, its long, snake-like neck puzzled scientists. Initially mistaken for a sea snake-turtle hybrid, it was later identified as a plesiosaur with an unusually long neck, setting it apart from other marine reptiles of its time.

Early studies of Elasmosaurus fossils led some to imagine it was a giant sea snake-turtle hybrid – Image credit: Alamy

5. Stegosaurus

Stegosaurus, known for its distinctive plates, initially puzzled paleontologists due to its unique features. Misinterpreted as an aquatic creature with shell-like plates, subsequent discoveries revealed its upright plates and raised questions about their purpose – whether for display or thermoregulation.

Previous depictions of Stegosaurus were unclear on the plate – Image credit: Alamy

6. Ichthyosaur

Mary Anning’s discoveries in England led to the naming of the Ichthyosaur, an extinct aquatic reptile with flippered limbs and a streamlined body. Initially mistaken for a fish or crocodile, the Ichthyosaur was later recognized as an ancient marine reptile.

Painting “Duria Antiquior” by Henri de la Beche – Image courtesy of Alamy

7. Pterosaur

Pterosaurs, flying reptiles with winged fingers, were initially misunderstood as sea creatures or mammals. Georges Cuvier’s recognition of their wing-supporting fingers led to the understanding of these creatures as early fliers, distinct from dinosaurs but closely related to them.

Early visualizations of pterosaurs made them look almost rodent-like – Image credit: Alamy

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unraveling the Secrets of Dark DNA: Scientists on the Verge of Decoding Your Genome

Back in the spring of 2003, the Human Genome Project completed the monumental task of sequencing the human genome.

Even now, The Book of Life remains a captivating and complex subject for the world’s top geneticists, as they work to unravel its mysteries.

This achievement was not only a major milestone for science but for life on our planet, marking the first time any organism had documented its fundamental genetic makeup. This event sparked the ongoing genetic revolution but also presented profound questions.

Questions like, “Why is there so much genetic material?”


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One intriguing aspect of the human genome is that the majority of it seems to serve no apparent function. With around 3 billion nucleotide pairs (A, C, G, T), fewer than 2% (approximately 20,000) of these are genes responsible for coding proteins that direct cellular activity in the body. So, what purpose do the remaining genes serve?

Some have referred to these as junk DNA: seemingly meaningless genetic remnants accumulated over the course of evolution or like a convoluted word puzzle with little coherence.

However, ongoing research indicates that at least some of these regions are not simply genetic debris but have crucial regulatory and corrective roles in the human genome’s protein-coding genes. These DNA sequences are likened to the controls for gene expression.

For instance, enhancer sequences boost gene transcription from DNA to RNA, while silencers have the opposite effect.

The dark genome largely consists of lengthy repeat DNA sequences called Transposons, which play vital roles in gene expression, evolutionary processes, and environmental adaptation.

These “jumping genes” can relocate within the genome, potentially causing significant genetic mutations or inversions. Scientists posit that transposons are linked to evolutionary developments such as opposable thumbs in humans and the loss of tails in humans and apes.

In certain scenarios, transposons may contribute to the onset of tumors and genetic disorders like hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, stemming from repetitive DNA sequences associated with transposons.

As a result, the dark genome has become a focal point of medical research, with hopes that increased understanding over the next two decades will lead to revolutionary therapies for genetic diseases.

This content addresses the query of “What makes up the other 98% of DNA?” posed by Asa Mcintyre via email.

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Book Release: The Hunger Games


Graviton

It is one of the four fundamental forces, but what is gravity? It is made of? A quantum theory of gravity doesn’t exist (yet), but that hasn’t stopped scientists from pursuing these elusive particles.

Unusual waves

Ship-sinking “storm waves” are hitting our oceans… Scientists don’t know why. But there are calls for increased monitoring to build predictive models for these deadly waves. Here’s what we know about these mysterious, seemingly random phenomena.

Glowing Cave

Contrary to popular belief, radioactive material does not actually glow (as you can see by looking at a uranium rod). The Simpsons However, a team of nuclear forensics experts is working on developing a device that will do just that. BBC Science Focus News Editor Noah Leach meets the scientists behind this revolutionary device.

What will the universe become?

Using giant supercolliders, scientists hope to discover hidden instabilities built into the fabric of existence… instabilities that could destroy everything. So will it freeze, crumble, rip apart, or get sucked away? Here’s how cosmologists are tackling one of the biggest questions of all: “What will happen at the absolute end of all things?”

plus

  • Master your motivation: Why are some of us procrastinators and others driven and proactive? It’s all in the brain. Understanding the science behind motivation might help you achieve more. We’ve created a simple step-by-step guide to help you do just that.
  • Zero-emission aviation: After a long wait, the world’s first zero-emission aircraft is finally a reality, but are these battery-powered aircraft really the solution we need?
  • How to slow down time: In today’s modern world, with phone notifications, emails, endless meetings, and caffeine breaks, your days may feel like a blur. Sensing When you have less time, it feels like you have more time.

Issue 406 is scheduled to be released on June 11, 2024

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The Effects of Lymphatic “Weight Loss Massage” on Your Body

In the beauty industry, treatments to combat bloating and cellulite are in high demand. Celebrities like Jennifer Aniston, Kim Kardashian, and Sean “Diddy” Combs are now turning to lymphatic drainage massage for help with these issues.

This type of massage targets the lymphatic system, which sets it apart from other massage therapies like Swedish, sports, deep tissue, and aromatherapy. Each type of massage offers different benefits, so choosing the right one depends on the results you want to achieve.

Understanding the Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system is a crucial part of the body’s immune system, consisting of organs like the spleen, tonsils, bone marrow, and thymus. It works alongside the circulatory system by filtering out waste products and abnormal cells through lymph nodes. The lymph fluid helps maintain fluid balance, absorb fat, and defend against infections.

Who Benefits from Lymphatic Drainage Massage?

People with conditions like lymphedema, fibromyalgia, sports injuries, deep vein thrombosis, and cancer-related lymphatic buildup can benefit from lymphatic drainage massage. Athletes also find it useful for recovery and prevention, along with proper hydration, diet, exercise, and sleep.

Do You Need Lymphatic Drainage Massage?

Signs of a malfunctioning lymphatic system include swelling in knees, ankles, and hands, as well as swollen lymph nodes when sick. After cancer treatment, lymphatic drainage massage can help prevent infections and support healing.

Can Lymphatic Drainage Help with Weight Loss?

Lymphatic drainage massage can aid in weight loss by improving circulation, reducing swelling, and eliminating toxins. While it may improve the appearance of cellulite, it cannot completely remove it. Weight loss post-massage is often due to losing excess fluids.

What to Expect from Lymphatic Drainage Massage

There are two types of lymphatic drainage massage: manual and simple, both overseen by qualified practitioners. The techniques involve gentle pressure to clear and absorb toxins, without causing pain or skin irritation.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Study indicates that women’s cognitive abilities may enhance during menstruation

According to a bold study, women might excel at certain cognitive tasks during their menstrual period. New Research from University College London (UCL) and the Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH) sheds light on this phenomenon.

Published in the peer-reviewed journal Neuropsychology, this study is the first of its kind to explore sports-related cognition throughout different phases of the menstrual cycle.

The study involved 241 participants who underwent various cognitive tests simulating mental processes relevant in team sports, such as recognizing expressions, attention, reaction time, and spatial awareness.


Participants also used a menstrual cycle tracking app to determine their phase during the testing period.

Surprisingly, contrary to their expectations, participants demonstrated faster reaction times and lower error rates during their period. For instance, their timing accuracy during a task improved by 10 milliseconds on average (12%) compared to other times.

Lead study author Dr. Flaminia Ronca from UCL Department of Surgery and Interventional Science and ISEH noted that the findings challenge assumptions about women’s capabilities during menstruation.

Conversely, during the luteal phase, participants showed slightly slower reaction times but maintained consistent error rates.

The authors highlighted that even a small difference of 10 milliseconds could impact performance outcomes significantly.

Dr. Megan Lawley, another author of the study, emphasized the importance of further research in understanding how women’s cognitive abilities affect athletic performance at different menstrual cycle stages.

About the Experts

Flaminia Ronca: Associate Professor in the Department of Targeted Interventions at UCL, with research interests in body-brain interaction through movement.

Megan Lawley: Senior Sports Scientist specializing in female athlete health and previously involved in research on athlete performance factors at UK Sport and Bangor University.

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The Dark Secrets of Mayan Human Sacrifice Unveiled

The ancient Maya civilization of Central America has captivated researchers for centuries with its amazing astronomical calendar and impressive step pyramids.

Along with their rich culture, they are also connected with a darker aspect: human sacrifice. Recent studies reveal that this is indeed a grim reality.

New genetic analysis from the ancient Maya city of Chichen Itza indicates that many of the sacrificial victims were children, with a high number being identical twins.

El Castillo, also known as the Temple of Kukulkan, is the centerpiece of the Chichen Itza ruins in the Yucatan state of Mexico. – Image credit: Johannes Krauss

Published in the journal Nature, the research looked at human remains found in a xultun near the Sacred Cenote.

Radiocarbon dating suggests that the chultun was used between the 7th and 12th centuries AD.

“All individuals in the chultun were children aged three to six,” explained Dr. Rodrigo Barquera, the lead author of the study.

Genetic evidence showed that all 64 individuals tested were male, with about 25% being closely related, including two sets of identical twins.

The occurrence of male identical twins in such a small sample size is unusual.


Barquera noted that twins held significance in Mayan mythology, especially the story of heroic twins defeating the king of the underworld.

This suggests that sacrificing identical male twins was a way to honor the hero twins’ existence.

Detail of the reconstructed stone tzonpantli (skull house) at Chichen Itza. – Image courtesy of Christina Wariner

While this may not have been favorable for identical twins in Maya culture, it was a great honor for their families.

Barquera and his team aim to validate their findings by comparing them with other archaeological sites.

About our experts

Rodrigo Barquera is a postdoctoral researcher in the Archaeogenetics department at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. He has authored numerous research papers published in esteemed journals like Nature and Nature Communications Biology.


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Why the potential hacking of satellites in orbit is a major cause for concern

Picture this: a hacker sitting at their laptop, frantically typing code as it flashes across the screen. Suddenly, they successfully hack into a satellite. Sounds like a scene from a James Bond movie, doesn’t it? But in reality, it poses a real threat.

Contrary to the dramatic portrayal in movies, hacking a satellite is much more complex than simply having a laptop and a strong internet connection. The issue of cybersecurity in space is becoming increasingly concerning as the number of operational satellites continues to grow.

By the end of 2022, there were 6,718 operational satellites orbiting the Earth, representing a significant increase from the previous year. With 10,206 objects in space, predominantly satellites, the space environment is rapidly expanding.

Satellites play crucial roles in GPS navigation, military surveillance, and banking systems, making them attractive targets for potential hackers. But despite their vulnerability, instances of successful hacks on satellites are rare. So, how can a satellite be hacked, and what are the potential consequences?

How can a satellite be hacked?

While space may seem like a distant realm filled with satellites in remote galaxies, most satellites actually orbit in low earth orbit (LEO), between 99 and 1,243 miles above Earth. Physically accessing a satellite remains a challenge, but there are various methods hackers can employ to compromise satellites without venturing into space.

According to Anuradha Dhamal Dey, a SpaceX space ecosystem manager at Satellite Applications Catapult, potential satellite hacking methods include physical attacks, cyber attacks, and the use of kinetic anti-satellite (ASAT) technology. These methods have raised concerns about the security of space-based systems.

ASAT refers to any means of destroying a satellite, with kinetic ASAT involving physical strikes on satellites, such as through ballistic missiles or drones. While kinetic ASAT attacks are unprecedented outside of testing scenarios, non-kinetic attacks using malware or viruses pose a theoretical threat to satellite security.

Despite these risks, no actual satellite hacks have occurred yet. In 2023, the US Air Force organized Hack the Sat event to test satellite vulnerabilities, with three teams successfully breaching a satellite’s security.

What will happen?

While satellite hacking remains theoretical, the potential consequences of a successful attack are significant. Space plays a vital role in various industries, from national security and defense to everyday services like food delivery and entertainment.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Experts Explain the Harmful Effects of Nicotine Pouches

It has been common knowledge for many years that smoking is highly detrimental to health. Quitting smoking or avoiding starting in the first place are among the most effective measures individuals can take to safeguard their well-being.

Nations worldwide are implementing comprehensive strategies to eradicate smoking from the realm of normal and socially acceptable behaviors, shedding light on the reality that smoking is a lethal addiction.

The reduction in smoking rates is attributed to initiatives such as increased tobacco taxes, graphic warnings on packaging, workplace smoking bans, and the cessation of alluring tobacco advertising campaigns.


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Recent data from the UK Office for National Statistics indicates that 12.9% of adults in the UK are current smokers. This marks a substantial decline compared to the 30% prevalence in the early 1990s. The success in tobacco control efforts is evident in this statistic.

Nevertheless, nicotine addiction continues to thrive as a lucrative industry. Rather than fading away quietly, the tobacco sector has introduced a new array of products appealing primarily to the youth demographic: flavored disposable e-cigarettes, heat-not-burn devices, and their latest novelty item—nicotine pouches.

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Nicotine pouches are typically packaged in small, pocket-sized containers resembling tea bags. They consist of a blend of vegetable fiber, sugar, flavorings, and, of course, nicotine.

Nicotine can either be synthesized in a laboratory or extracted from the tobacco plant. These pouches come in various flavors ranging from fruity to sweet and in different nicotine strengths, some containing more nicotine than regular cigarettes.

The user places the small pouch between their lips and gums, allowing the nicotine to be absorbed. Once the nicotine is fully absorbed, the pouch is discarded and replaced. These pouches are discreet, emit a pleasant aroma, and unlike chewing tobacco, do not require spitting post-use.

Although nicotine pouches are relatively new, they bear similarities to Scandinavian “snus,” the key distinction being the absence of tobacco in pouches. This regulatory loophole allows pouches to dodge tobacco product rules and regulations that apply to cigarettes.

Unlike cigarettes, pouches can legally be sold to individuals under 18 in the UK due to this lack of regulation. Other countries, such as the US, have taken steps to ban or restrict pouch sales to adults only.

What do we know about the health risks of pouches?

While nicotine pouches are gaining popularity globally, limited data exists to assess their health risks as they are relatively new in the market. Nonetheless, the World Health Organization advocates for a cautious approach emphasizing the importance of prioritizing health outcomes while permitting the sale and promotion of nicotine pouches, especially concerning the health of young individuals.

Usage of pouches exposes individuals to toxic nicotine, increasing the risk of nicotine addiction and potentially leading to the use of other products like e-cigarettes or cigarettes.

Aside from the addictive nature of nicotine, its consumption in pouch form can impact adolescent brain development and overall health, including cognitive functions. High doses of nicotine may induce symptoms such as dizziness, headaches, nausea, and abdominal cramps, particularly in individuals inexperienced with nicotine exposure.

It might be tempting to compare the health effects of nicotine pouches, e-cigarettes, and tobacco products to deem one product “safer” than another. However, 85% of the UK population never smoke; hence, young non-smokers would not derive health benefits from initiating pouch use.

Moreover, there’s no current evidence supporting the efficacy of pouches in smoking or vaping cessation. Rather than aiding cessation efforts, individuals who smoke or vape may resort to pouches when restricted from smoking or vaping easily, potentially increasing nicotine intake.

A handful of multinational corporations dominate the global tobacco industry, with British American Tobacco and Philip Morris International being the two largest manufacturers and sellers of nicotine pouches. Resembling vintage cigarette advertisements, pouch promotions employ motorsport, celebrity endorsements, and various lifestyle marketing techniques.

Tobacco industry practices have been alarmingly proficient in harmful marketing strategies. The widespread availability of addictive nicotine products and the absence of stringent regulations on pouch advertising and sales pose a genuine risk of escalating pouch use and nicotine addiction among the youth.

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Other dams in critical condition come under scrutiny following Minnesota dam collapse.

The partial dam failure occurred after three days of heavy rainfall that caused the Minnesota River to reach its third-highest flood level since at least 1881. Brennan Dettman, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service in the Twin Cities, Minnesota, provided this information.

In the Mankato area, where the dam is situated, 7 to 8 inches of rain fell over the span of three days. Based on analysis by Kenny Blumenfeld, Senior Climatologist at the Minnesota Climate Division, the situation was dire. Blumenfeld’s analysis indicated that this level of heavy rain occurs approximately 0.5 to 2 percent of the time each year in southern Minnesota.

Bill McCormick, who headed Colorado’s dam safety program from 2011 to 2021, highlighted how extreme rainfall events are putting dams across the country under strain. “We are experiencing increasingly severe storms that are testing our aging infrastructure. Dams and spillways that previously didn’t face many storms annually are now encountering more frequent storms,” he noted. “These aging systems are facing heightened challenges.”

McCormick also pointed out that development in residential areas near dams has increased the risk factors, as people now live in regions previously designated for farmland. Dams constructed to protect agricultural areas are now safeguarding residential neighborhoods.

Hiba Baroud, an assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering at Vanderbilt University, emphasized the need for lawmakers to take proactive measures in strengthening dam infrastructure and prioritizing repairs following incidents like the partial failure of the Rapidan Dam. “To prevent such occurrences, it is essential to proactively assess all dams in the U.S., prepare for potential scenarios, and prioritize necessary repairs or upgrades,” she urged. “Simply reacting to major events as wake-up calls concerning specific dams is not sufficient.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

How tractor beams could soon become a reality: A breakdown of how they’ll work

A beam is a stream of particles moving from a source to a target, exerting a pushing force rather than a pulling force on the target.

On Earth, we can use a vacuum cleaner to pull something towards us, but in reality, we are creating a pressure difference that causes the remaining air molecules to push the object.

This method is not considered a beam and would not work in space where there are no molecules in a vacuum.


However, in space, objects can be moved without using beams. The “gravity tractor” is a concept for a spacecraft that would maneuver near an asteroid and utilize mutual gravity to alter its trajectory.

The spacecraft uses ion thrusters to counteract the gravitational pull of the asteroid, effectively pulling it forward at a controlled pace.

Although gravity is a universal force present between all objects with mass, it is relatively weak.

As an alternative, the European Space Agency (ESA) has explored the possibility of utilizing electrostatic attraction as a stronger force. However, this force can be neutralized due to the canceling of positive and negative charges on objects.

The ESA study discussed methods to charge an asteroid, such as bombarding it with electrons to create a charged object that can be influenced by the spacecraft charged to around 20,000 volts, acting as a type of tractor beam.

While this method is slower than a science fiction tractor beam, it demonstrates a potential approach to manipulating objects in space.

This article was written in response to a question from Alexandra Rowland about the feasibility of a Star Trek-style tractor beam.

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The Benefits of Having Favorite Things for Your Brain’s Efficiency

Favoritism stems from our individual preferences for colors, tastes, faces, places, and more, which are influenced by our evolutionary history. For instance, we tend to prefer lighter shades associated with positive things like the sky, while disliking darker shades associated with negativity.

Our preferences are also shaped by environmental factors, such as geographic environments that offer a balanced mix of habitat, resources, and views that promote survival. Additionally, we find symmetrical faces more attractive, possibly due to the genetic indicator of health they represent.


Cultural influences and personal experiences further mold our preferences. From childhood, we are asked to name our favorite things, combining inherent evolutionary preferences with sentimental attachments to shape our choices.

Our brains use these favorites as shortcuts to navigate the overwhelming number of choices in the world, making decisions easier for things like dinner reservations, vacations, or entertainment options. While convenient, relying on favorites can limit openness and spontaneity.

In relationships, favoritism can lead to inequality and division, as seen with parents favoring certain children or bosses showing preference to specific employees.

This article addresses the question of why we choose favorites, originally posed by Heath Bowen via email.

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The Hidden Culprit Behind Your Sleep Troubles: Excessive Fatigue and How to Overcome It

You’ve probably experienced this feeling before: after a long and exhausting day, all you want to do is curl up and sleep. But instead of allowing you to rest, your brain decides it’s time for some mischief, leaving you wide awake with thoughts racing through your mind.

So why does this happen? Why does our brain keep us awake when we’re most in need of sleep? The answer may lie in the fact that we’re just too tired to sleep.

If you’ve heard of this concept before, it’s often associated with babies who become “over-fatigued” when kept awake for too long, leading to stress and sleep disturbances.

However, the same phenomenon can occur in adults when unchecked emotions interfere with the body’s ability to shut down for sleep. And the longer you stay tired, the harder it becomes to fall asleep.

Fortunately, there are ways to break this cycle. In the following sections, we’ll not only explore what excessive fatigue is, but also share three simple, scientifically-backed steps to help you overcome excessive fatigue for good.


Excessive fatigue ruins your sleep

Being excessively tired is a paradoxical situation. When you’re physically and mentally drained, your brain is actually in a state of hyperarousal, making it difficult to relax and fall asleep.

This hyperarousal state hinders the body’s natural sleep mechanisms, particularly the buildup of sleep pressure.

Sleep pressure refers to the increase in neurochemicals and hormones that signal your body’s need for sleep as you stay awake throughout the day.

According to Professor Matt Jones from the University of Bristol, “As sleep pressure builds up, the brain may also become more excitable, with neurons in the cerebral cortex firing at an increased rate.”

By maintaining hyper-vigilance and allowing intrusive thoughts to dominate your mind, you disrupt the brain’s ability to reset the sleep pressure system, making it harder to fall asleep.

Furthermore, chronic fatigue and sleep deprivation can exacerbate this cycle by feeding troubling thoughts that persist into the following night.

In a recent study, individuals with insomnia were found to ruminate more about past embarrassing events than healthy sleepers, leading to longer sleep onset times.

Additionally, insomniacs may become hypersensitive to bodily sensations like their own heartbeat, further inhibiting their ability to fall asleep.

Dr. Jones explains, “Insomnia creates a heightened awareness of irrelevant information, placing undue strain on the brain and hindering the natural process of sleep onset.”

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How to avoid being too tired

If you find yourself feeling overly tired and mentally restless when trying to sleep, it indicates that key brain areas are still in a state of hyperarousal, preventing you from processing the events of the day.

According to Dr. Alex Scott of Keele University, modern society’s difficulty in regulating emotions and processing experiences often leaves individuals unable to positively address their emotions, leading to rumination and anxiety at bedtime.

To combat excessive fatigue and improve sleep quality, Scott recommends three simple strategies:

1. Stop counting sheep

Contrary to popular belief, focusing on falling asleep can actually make it more difficult to do so. Rather than forcing yourself to sleep, Dr. Scott suggests acknowledging that sleep is an automatic process that can’t be rushed. Instead of counting sheep, focus on processing your emotions through activities like journaling.

2. Keep a worry diary

Keeping a worry journal before bed can help you identify and address troubling thoughts that may be contributing to your inability to sleep. By writing down your worries and potential solutions, you can externalize and process these concerns, allowing your mind to relax and prepare for sleep.

3. Set a Bedtime Timer

To create a buffer between daily activities and bedtime, set a bedtime alarm to allow time for relaxation and decompression. Engaging in calming activities like reading or meditation before bed can help ease mental fatigue and promote restful sleep.

About our experts

Professor Matt Jones: A neuroscientist at the University of Bristol specializing in sleep science, memory, and decision-making.

Dr. Alex Scott: A psychology lecturer at Keele University whose research focuses on the role of sleep in mental health.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Microsoft drives sustainable innovation in West London with AI-driven ‘green moonshot’ project

If you want evidence of Microsoft’s progress towards its environmental “moonshot” goals, look closer to Earth to a construction site on an industrial estate in west London. The company’s Park Royal data center is part of the company’s efforts to drive the expansion of artificial intelligence (AI), but its ambitions are The goal is to become carbon negative by 2030. Microsoft says the center will be run entirely on renewable energy, but construction of the data center and the servers it will house will contribute to the company’s Scope 3 emissions (CO2)2. These relate to the electricity people use when using building materials or products like the Xbox. 30% increase from 2020. As a result, the company is exceeding its overall emissions target by roughly the same percentage.

This week, Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates argued that AI can help fight climate change because big tech companies are “seriously willing” to pay extra to use clean sources of electricity so they can “say they’re using green energy.” In the short term, AI poses a problem for Microsoft’s environmental goals. Microsoft’s outspoken president, Brad Smith, once called the company’s carbon-reduction ambitions a “moonshot.” In May, he stretched that metaphor to its limits and said that the company’s AI strategy has “moved the moon” for it. It plans to spend £2.5bn over the next three years to expand its AI data center infrastructure in the UK, and has announced new data center projects around the world this year, including in the US, Japan, Spain, and Germany.

Training and running the AI models underlying products like OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google’s Gemini uses significant amounts of electricity to power and cool the associated hardware, plus carbon is generated by manufacturing and transporting the associated equipment. “This is a technology that will increase energy consumption,” said Alex de Vries, founder of DigiConomist, a website that tracks the environmental impact of new technologies. The International Energy Agency estimates that the total electricity consumption of data centers is Doubling from 2022 levels to 1,000 TWh (terawatt hours) in 2026. This is equivalent to Japan’s energy demand. With AI, data centers 4.5% of world energy production That will happen by 2030, according to calculations by research firm Semianalysis.

The environment has also been in the spotlight amid concerns about AI’s impact on jobs and human lifespan. Last week, the International Monetary Fund said governments should consider imposing carbon taxes to capture the environmental costs of AI, either through a general carbon tax that covers emissions from servers, or a specific tax on CO2.2 It is generated by the device. The big tech companies involved in AI (Meta, Google, Amazon, Microsoft) are seeking renewable energy sources to meet their climate change targets. Largest Corporate Buyer Renewable Energy I bought more than half The power output of offshore wind farms in Scotland, which Microsoft announced in May it would invest $10 billion (£7.9 billion) in. Renewable Energy Projects.

Google aims to run its data centers entirely on carbon-free energy by 2030. “We remain steadfast in our commitment to achieving our climate change goals,” a Microsoft spokesperson said. Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates, who left the company in 2020 but retains a stake in the company through his Foundation, has argued that AI can directly help combat climate change. He said Thursday that any increase in electricity demand would be matched by new investments in green generation to more than offset usage. A recent UK government-backed report agreed, saying that “the carbon intensity of energy sources is an important variable in In calculating AI-related emissions, but adding that “a significant portion of AI training worldwide still relies on high-carbon sources such as coal and natural gas”. Water needed to cool servers is also an issue, A study It estimates that AI could account for up to 6.6 billion cubic meters of water use by 2027. Two thirds This is equivalent to the annual consumption of England.

De Vries argues that the pursuit of sustainable computing power will put a strain on demand for renewable energy, resulting in fossil fuels making up for shortfalls in other parts of the global economy. “Increasing energy consumption means there isn’t enough renewable energy to cover that increase,” he says. Data center server rooms consume large amounts of energy. Photo: i3D_VR/Getty Images/iStockphoto. NexGen Cloud, a UK company that provides sustainable cloud computing, says that in an industry that relies on data centers to provide IT services such as data storage and computing power over the internet, data centers could use renewable energy sources for AI-related computing if they were located away from urban areas and near hydroelectric or geothermal generation sources. “We are excited to join forces with NVIDIA to bring the power of cloud to the cloud,” said Youlian Tzanev, co-founder of NexGen Cloud.

“Until now, the industry standard has been to build around economic centers, not renewable energy sources.” This makes it even harder for AI-focused tech companies to meet their carbon emissions targets. Amazon, the world’s largest cloud computing provider, aims to be net zero (removing as much carbon as it emits) by 2040 and aims to source 100% of its global electricity usage from renewable energy by 2025. Google and Meta are also pursuing the same net zero goal by 2030. OpenAI, the developer of ChatGPT, uses Microsoft data centers to train and run its products.

There are two main ways that large-scale language models, the underlying technology behind chatbots like ChatGPT and Gemini, consume energy: The first is the training phase, where the model is fed huge amounts of data, often from the internet, to build up a statistical understanding of the language itself, which ultimately enables it to generate large numbers of compelling answers to queries. The initial energy costs of training an AI are astronomical, meaning that small businesses (and even smaller governments) that can’t afford to spend $100 million on training can’t compete in the field. But this cost pales in comparison to the cost of actually running the resulting models, a process called “inference.” According to Brent Till, an analyst at investment firm Jefferies, 90% of AI’s energy costs are in the inference stage – the power consumed when you ask an AI system to answer a factual question, summarize a chunk of text, or write an academic paper.

The power used for training and inference is delivered through a vast and growing digital infrastructure. Data centers contain thousands of servers built from the ground up for specific pieces of AI workloads. A single training server contains a central processing unit (CPU) that’s nearly as powerful as a computer’s, and dozens of specialized graphics processing units (GPUs) or tensor processing units (TPUs), microchips designed to speed up the vast amounts of simple calculations that make up AI models. When you use the chatbot, you watch it spit out answers word for word, powered by powerful GPUs that consume about a quarter of the power it takes to boil a kettle. All of this is hosted in a data center, whether owned by the AI provider itself or a third party. In the latter case, it’s sometimes called “the cloud,” a fancy name for someone else’s computer.

SemiAnalysis estimates that if generative AI were integrated into every Google search, it could consume 29.2 TWh of energy per year, roughly the annual consumption of Ireland, which would be prohibitively financial for the tech company, sparking speculation that Google may start charging for some of its AI tools. But some argue that focusing on the energy overhead of AI is the wrong way to think about it. Instead, think about the energy that new tools can save. A provocative paper published in Nature’s peer-reviewed journal Scientific Reports earlier this year argued that AI creates a smaller carbon footprint when writing or illustrating text than humans. Researchers at the University of California, Irvine estimate that AI systems emit “130 to 1,500 times” less carbon dioxide per page of text than a human writer, and up to 2,900 times less carbon dioxide per image. Of course, there’s no word on what human authors and illustrators will do instead: redirect and retrain their workforce in other areas, e.g. Green Jobs – It could be another moonshot.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Premiere of ‘A Quiet Place’: Do the characters truly have exceptional control over their bodily functions?

We have all experienced the discomfort of hydrogen and methane accumulating in the large intestine, causing pressure and the urgent need for release. This natural bodily function does not adhere to our schedule, sometimes occurring at the most inconvenient times, like during a job interview or meeting your partner’s aristocratic parents for the first time.

Farting may seem harmless, but in a world like A Quiet Place, a sci-fi horror film featuring creatures with heightened hearing sensitivity, even a small noise could be deadly. Amidst the chaos of survival, the question arises: how long can humans hold in a fart before facing consequences?


In the third installment of the series, A Quiet Place Day 1, the movie prompts us to ponder on the taboo topic of fart retention. While scientific literature on this subject is limited, experts like Julie Thomson from the digestive health charity, Guts UK, shed light on the implications of holding in gas for prolonged periods.

On average, a person releases gas about 15 times a day, a vital bodily function that cannot be suppressed indefinitely. The accumulation of gas can lead to discomfort and potential health issues if prolonged.

Professor Clare Collins, Director of Research at the School of Health, University of Newcastle, Australia, discusses the link between gas retention and conditions like diverticulitis, emphasizing the importance of not suppressing natural bodily functions for extended periods.

While the consequences of holding in a fart might not seem severe, in a scenario akin to A Quiet Place, where noise attracts deadly beings, it’s crucial to prioritize health over momentary embarrassment.

Remember, maintaining a healthy diet, avoiding gas-inducing foods, and allowing your body to function naturally are key to avoiding discomfort and potential health complications associated with suppressing flatulence.

So, whether you find yourself in a post-apocalyptic world or facing a challenging situation, prioritize your health over temporary discomfort.

This article was first published on May 28, 2021


About our experts

Julie Thomson: Information Manager at Guts UK, an organization dedicated to improving awareness of gastrointestinal diseases.

Claire Collins: Emeritus Professor at the School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Australia, specializing in nutritional technologies and interventions.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

10 Simple Steps to Ensure Your Dog’s Safety and Happiness in Hot Weather

As temperatures rise in many parts of the world this summer, staying cool can be a challenge. Imagine wearing a furry coat all day in such heat – not fun, right?

Our furry friends face this reality, which is why they need extra attention when the weather gets hot.

“Dogs rely on panting to cool down, which is less efficient than sweating,” explains Dogs Trust to BBC Science Focus.

“They lack self-control, so they don’t realize when they need to slow down due to heat.”

Fortunately, there are simple things you can do to keep your dog calm and happy when temperatures soar.

1. Walk your dog in the mornings and evenings

Like humans, dogs can overheat if exercised in direct sunlight. Research shows that a significant number of heatstroke cases in dogs are caused by exercise, with walking being a common trigger.

One recommendation from The Kennel Club is to walk your dog early in the morning or late in the evening to avoid the hottest times of the day.

2. Stay hydrated

Just like people, dogs need to stay hydrated in hot weather. Carry water and a bowl for your dog when going out to prevent dehydration.

3. Harness your dog

Harnesses are recommended over collars, especially in hot weather, as collars can restrict airflow and hinder a dog’s ability to cool down through panting.

4. Watch out for symptoms of heatstroke and stroke

Heatstroke can affect any dog, with certain breeds and conditions increasing the risk. Look for signs like excessive panting, breathing difficulties, fatigue, and more.

5. Remember that the sidewalk can be hot for your feet.

Test pavement temperature with your hand before letting your dog walk on it. Hot pavements can burn your dog’s paws, so stick to grass or cooler surfaces.

6. Try paddling

Give your dog access to water for a cool dip. A paddling pool or water play can help them cool off and have fun.

7. Be careful when traveling by car

Avoid leaving your dog in a hot car and take precautions for car journeys to ensure your dog’s comfort and safety.

8. Offer frozen treats

Provide your dog with frozen treats to help them cool down. Avoid harmful foods and opt for ice in their water or frozen toys.

9. Have the person lie down on a damp towel

Use a damp towel to help your dog relax and cool down after a hot day.

10. Get a haircut

Trimming your dog’s hair can help keep them cool, especially in hot weather. Proper grooming can assist in heat dissipation and prevent overheating.

For more tips and information on caring for your dog in hot weather, visit the Dogs Trust website.

About our experts

Victoria Phillips Veterinary Manager at Dogs Trust, with 18 years of experience in the veterinary field.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com