Physicists Question Long-Standing Beliefs on Dark Matter’s True Nature

Posted on January 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New insights challenge the long-held belief that dark matter was “cold” in the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang. A groundbreaking study from the University of Minnesota Twin Cities and the University of Paris-Saclay reveals that dark matter particles might have been extraordinarily hot and traveling at near-light speeds in the primordial universe, before cooling down during the formative epochs of galaxies and large-scale structures.

Hypothetical dark matter particles. Image credit: University of Adelaide.

For decades, physicists have categorized dark matter based on the velocity of its constituent particles. Cold dark matter is slow enough to clump under gravitational forces, contributing to the formation of galaxies and galaxy clusters.

This categorization is a cornerstone of the standard cosmological model, explaining the universe’s intricate web-like structure.

However, the recent findings indicate that dark matter may have emerged from the hot plasma of the early universe in an ultrarelativistic state—essentially moving at ultra-high speeds—before cooling adequately during the formation of cosmic structures.

This refined perspective broadens the potential behaviors of dark matter particles and expands the pool of candidate particles physicists can investigate through experiments and astronomical observations.

The study concentrates on a critical phase in the early universe known as reheating, which followed an explosive inflationary expansion.

During the reheating phase, the energy fueling the universe’s expansion transformed into a dense hot mixture of particles and radiation.

This discovery suggests that under certain conditions, dark matter produced during this period could exist at speeds approaching that of light while still aligning with the vast universe we observe today.

If validated, these findings could significantly impact ongoing dark matter detection initiatives, including particle colliders, underground detectors, and astrophysical studies.

Moreover, they pose new theoretical challenges regarding the fundamental nature of dark matter and its role in the universe’s evolution.

“Dark matter remains one of the biggest mysteries in physics,” explains Stephen Henrik, a graduate student at the University of Minnesota.

“Historically, one consistent assumption has been that dark matter must be cold at its inception in the primordial universe.”

“Our findings reveal a different narrative. In fact, dark matter may start off as red-hot, but has ample time to cool before galaxies commence formation.”

“The simplest dark matter candidate, low-mass neutrinos, was deemed incompatible decades ago because they could annihilate galaxy-sized structures instead of facilitating them,” states Keith Olive, a professor at the University of Minnesota.

“Neutrinos serve as a prime example of hot dark matter, whose structural formation relies on cold dark matter.”

“If a similar candidate arose during the hot Big Bang, it’s remarkable that it could cool sufficiently to behave as cold dark matter.”

“This new discovery allows us to explore a period in the universe’s history that is very close to the Big Bang,” adds Professor Yann Mambrini, a physicist at the University of Paris-Saclay.

The team’s research has been published in the journal Physical Review Letters.

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Stephen E. Henrik et al. 2025. Ultra-relativistic freezeout: Bridge from WIMP to FIMP. Physics Review Letters 135, 221002; doi: 10.1103/zk9k-nbpj

Source: www.sci.news

Enhancing Astronaut Durability: The Challenges of Tardigrade Adaptation

Posted on January 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Tardigrade Resilience — Tardigrades Exhibit Extreme Resilience

How can space explorers be shielded from cosmic radiation without using massive lead enclosures? Some researchers propose leveraging the unique properties of a protein found in tardigrades that can protect DNA, but the solution is more complex.

Corey Nislow and his team at the University of British Columbia have identified a protein named Dsup (short for Damage Suppressor) that not only protects against radiation but also against various mutagenic substances. However, this protection comes with trade-offs, such as diminished cell viability.

“All the benefits we observe come at a cost,” Nislow states.

Tardigrades, often called water bears, are known for their incredible survival abilities, thriving under extreme conditions such as high radiation, harsh temperatures, desiccation, and even the vacuum of space. In 2016, Dsup was discovered as a critical component of this resilience. When human cells were genetically modified to express Dsup, they displayed enhanced radiation resistance without any adverse effects.

This led to the hypothesis that Dsup could serve as a protective agent against harmful radiation and mutagens. One potential method involves administering the mRNA that encodes Dsup, encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), similar to the technology utilized in mRNA coronavirus vaccines.

“A couple of years ago, I was fully convinced that delivering Dsup mRNA through LNPs to space crews would be highly effective; it wouldn’t alter their genomes but would serve as an efficient countermeasure against DNA damage,” Nislow mentions.

However, ongoing research involving genetically engineered yeast cells producing Dsup has revealed that high concentrations can be toxic, while lower levels can inhibit growth.

Dsup seems to safeguard DNA by physically enveloping it, which, in turn, complicates access for proteins necessary for RNA synthesis and DNA replication before cellular division. It also poses challenges for DNA repair proteins attempting to mend the DNA, particularly in cells with limited repair capabilities, where significant repairs may not occur.

Nislow speculates that Dsup could be beneficial for protecting astronauts, animals, and plants, but emphasizes the importance of controlling its expression levels to optimize its protective effects.

“I completely concur,” says James Byrne, from the University of Iowa, who is studying whether Dsup can shield healthy cells during cancer radiation therapy.

Byrne notes the potential risks associated with continuous Dsup production in all human cells but suggests that temporary expression during periods of need could be advantageous.

“It is undeniable that exceeding a certain threshold can render Dsup toxic,” he acknowledges. Simon Glass from the University of Montpellier also observes that low levels of Dsup can extend the lifespan of nematodes by providing oxidative stress protection, indicating that our understanding of Dsup’s mechanisms remains incomplete.

Jessica Tyler from Weill Cornell Medicine has also engineered yeast to produce Dsup, noting that lower levels than those examined by Nislow appeared beneficial without compromising growth.

“Thus, I disagree with the assertion that Dsup’s protective benefits come at a significant cost,” Tyler affirms, while agreeing on the necessity for regulated Dsup expression.

Although current technologies do not allow for the introduction of the ideal cells to produce Dsup at desired levels, Nislow expresses optimism about future advancements. “There is significant investment and interest in developing effective delivery systems,” he remarks. “This is a challenge that many in the pharmaceutical industry are eager to tackle.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Key Moments: The Most Crucial Seconds in the History of the Universe

Posted on January 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

An Artist’s Rendition of the Universe’s Early Moments

Credit: Alfred Pasieka/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo

The initial second of the universe’s existence was arguably the most significant moment in history. According to Big Bang cosmology, which is widely accepted by most cosmologists, the universe commenced from an infinitely small and dense state, expanding into a vast cosmos over several light-years.

This monumental journey began with a phase known as inflation. The exact cause of this exponential expansion remains a mystery; however, every 10 years, it is estimated that the distance between any two points in space doubled. This process saw the universe swell by a billion times, far exceeding the total number of grains of sand found on Earth’s beaches – and even surpassing the number of stars in the known universe.

During this inflationary period, foundational structures, which would evolve into the universe’s largest formations, were established. As the universe expanded, minuscule irregularities grew, driven by the randomness of quantum mechanics. These fluctuations contributed to differences in the density of the immensely hot plasma that filled the universe.

The duration of the Inflationary Era and the final size of the universe at its conclusion are topics of ongoing debate. While cosmologists might liken its size to that of various fruits, the consensus is that it lasted just a fleeting moment. Despite its rapid growth, the universe would have been comparable to a grain of sand up to a few meters in diameter, existing as a hot, opaque plasma interspersed with the first particles and antiparticles amidst raw energy.

As this hot sphere expanded, it gradually cooled, allowing particles to bond and form the first hadrons, including protons and neutrons, which comprise most of today’s matter. This process, known as baryogenesis, saw an unexpected surplus of matter compared to antimatter, resulting in the majority of antimatter annihilating with matter during the early universe’s development.

As particles continued to evolve, the universe underwent significant transitions referred to as “phase transitions,” simultaneously altering the state of all matter. This was a unique moment of synchronicity that has never been replicated. Initially, the four fundamental forces of nature – gravity, strong force, weak force, and electromagnetic force – were unified during the Big Bang, but separate distinguished behaviors emerged within the first billionth of a second.

These phase transitions facilitated further changes. The universe transitioned from opaque to transparent, allowing radiation to flow freely, lighting up the cosmos. Newly formed matter particles began gaining mass through interactions with the Higgs field, which had recently become separated from other fields. At this juncture, only a trillionth of a second post-Big Bang, particles, including the fundamental ones, began to acquire mass, significantly altering the cosmic landscape.

As the universe, still less than a light-year in diameter, started clumping together due to the quantum fluctuations, it laid the groundwork for the eventual formation of galaxies and star clusters. While it took an extensive period for these structures to materialize, this aggregation was a crucial event in cosmic evolution.

Approximately one second after the Big Bang, the rapid evolution of the cosmos began to moderate. Although the universe remained considerably smaller than the distance between our Sun and the nearest star, Alpha Centauri, the fundamental particles and forces that shaped its future were already taking familiar forms.

Nuclei formed a few minutes after the Big Bang, but it would be hundreds of thousands of years before they could hold electrons and create neutral atoms. Stars and galaxies took tens of millions of years more to emerge. Yet, the essential foundations for our universe were established within that brief second. Numerous seconds have elapsed since then, with cosmologists tirelessly investigating and piecing together the myriad events bridging that primeval moment to the present.

Ultimately, that single second of cosmic history was transformative. It propelled the universe from a point in the vast nothingness into the primordial soup from which everything else arose.

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Barnacle Groups Could Transform Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment

Posted on January 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Bleeding Wounds

Springer Medin/Science Photo Library

Researchers exploring solutions for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) have drawn surprising inspiration from barnacles.

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, typically arise when the immune system mistakenly attacks the intestines, leading to inflammation. Common symptoms encompass diarrhea, significant abdominal pain, weight loss, and gastrointestinal bleeding.

While anti-inflammatory medications like steroids can alleviate symptoms, persistent bleeding may necessitate the use of small metallic clips inserted into the intestine to address the inflammation-induced wounds. However, this procedure carries potential infection risks and may exacerbate the injury.

In pursuit of gentler alternatives, researchers have previously engineered bacteria to generate proteins beneficial for wound healing. Unfortunately, these microorganisms are generally eliminated from the intestines within days and require manual activation with pharmaceuticals, according to Bolin Anne from the Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology in China.

Recently, Ahn and colleagues have genetically modified a benign strain of Escherichia coli that produces protein fragments promoting wound healing upon detecting blood. They also engineered these bacteria to create a type of “cement protein” used by barnacles to adhere to submerged surfaces, envisioned as a “living glue” to fabricate an anti-inflammatory seal over open wounds.

To validate this novel approach, researchers induced intestinal inflammation and scarring in mice. Each subject received either a non-genetically engineered strain, the engineered Escherichia coli, or saline via an anal tube.

After ten days, mice treated with the engineered bacteria exhibited significant weight restoration, and their intestines mirrored the health of uninjured mice. No adverse side effects were recorded in any group.

Similar outcomes were noted when bacteria were administered in tablet form, suggesting potential for oral delivery in human treatment. “This presents a promising, innovative strategy,” states Shaji Sebastian at Hull University in the UK. He indicates that wound healing and inflammation in the mouse intestine is analogous to processes in humans, underscoring the necessity for human trials.

Plans are underway to test this approach in larger animals, including pigs, to assess how long the genetically modified bacteria remain viable in the gut, Ang mentioned. However, due to the necessity for extensive testing to confirm efficacy and safety compared to existing treatments, it may take up to ten years before these solutions could become available in clinics, according to Sebastian.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Cows Using Tools is Revolutionizing Our Perception of Livestock

Posted on January 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Veronica the cow: A groundbreaking example of non-primate mammal tool use

Antonio J. Osuna Mascaro

Veronica the cow demonstrating tool use — Veronica the cow: A groundbreaking example of non-primate mammal tool use

Antonio J. Osuna Mascaro

Recently, while riding in a taxi, the driver shared a transformative experience involving a pig. My childhood with dogs shaped my expectations of animals, but my encounter with pigs was eye-opening.

The driver explained how he constructed a bell-and-string system that allowed the animals to signal when they wanted to go outside. Interestingly, both dogs and pigs learned this cue, but the pigs took it further by ringing the bell to inform their humans about the dogs waiting outside. The driver spoke of these moments with affection and pride. Remarkably, I later learned that this had changed his dietary choices—he no longer eats pork.

This narrative reflects a broader trend in research on animal cognition. Historically, scientists focused primarily on non-human primates, often deemed the “feathered apes,” like parrots and crows. Recently, however, studies have expanded to include a variety of species, such as honey bees, octopuses, and crocodiles.

In line with this expanded focus, new research conducted by Antonio Osuna Mascaro and Alice Auersperg at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna investigates the cognitive abilities of cows, an often-overlooked species. Veronica, a pet cow (Bos taurus), displays remarkable innovation by using a broom to scratch her body. She employs the bristles for her back and flips it over for her more sensitive areas.

This observation marks the first documented instance of flexible tool use among non-primate mammals. What does Veronica’s tool use reveal about her cognition, and might it change how we view and treat cows?

Tool use, in broad terms, is defined as the manipulation of an object to achieve a specific goal. This definition excludes behaviors like nest-building or hiding, where actions serve static ends. Instead, true tool use involves active manipulation, such as using a stone to crack nuts or a stick to extract termites.

For many years, tool use was considered a trait unique to humans. This notion changed when Jane Goodall observed a chimpanzee named David Greybeard creating and utilizing tools to fish for termites. Subsequent discoveries revealed tool use in unexpected corners of the animal kingdom. For instance, antlion larvae throw sand at prey, while certain digger wasp species employ pebbles in their burrows. Such specialized behaviors evolved over millions of years, contrasting with the flexible tool use demonstrated by animals like Veronica.

Veronica cleverly uses different broom sides for various scratches

Antonio J. Osuna Mascaro

Remarkably, Veronica learned to use tools independently, progressing from twigs to the intelligent use of a broom without any direct teaching.

This behavior suggests that Veronica possesses cognitive traits described by psychologists, notably those identified by Josep Cole. Three key elements define a creative tool user. Firstly, the ability to gather and learn about the physical properties of objects. Secondly, combining this knowledge to navigate challenges—understanding that a hard object can provide relief for an itch. Lastly, the willingness to manipulate objects creatively, as mere physical capability is insufficient. For example, while both squirrel monkeys and capuchin monkeys possess similar hands, only capuchins tent to exhibit object manipulation.

This insight into cow cognition may revolutionize how we treat farm animals. Research indicates a correlation between perceived intelligence and how we consider animals’ worthiness of ethical treatment. In one study, participants rated animals with lower intelligence as more edible, while higher-assigned intelligence led to lower perceptions of their edibility. Participants introduced to the Bennett’s tree kangaroo perceived those identified as food as lacking in sentience.

Our treatment of animals correlates significantly with our perception of their intellect. Veronica’s story is likely the first of many that will challenge our views of “simple” domestic animals. For this knowledge to reshape our practices, we must confront our cognitive dissonance. Denial of animal consciousness allows us to overlook the ethical implications of our treatment. It requires courage to acknowledge their sentience instead of ignoring it.

Marta Halina, Professor of Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Mysterious Disappearance of a Star: Insights into a Failed Supernova Explosion

Posted on January 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Illustration of a Failed Supernova Explosion Forming a Black Hole

NASA, ESA, and P. Jeffries (STScI)

Illustration of a failed supernova creating a black hole — Illustration of a Failed Supernova Explosion Forming a Black Hole

NASA, ESA, and P. Jeffries (STScI)

A massive star in the Andromeda galaxy has seemingly vanished instead of exploding, resulting in the formation of a black hole in a peculiar manner.

Typically, black holes originate from stars that explode as supernovas. However, they can also emerge from stars that collapse due to their own gravity, directly creating black holes without the explosive phase.

In 2024, Kisharai De from Columbia University, along with his team, investigated the case of M31-2014-DS1, an exceptionally bright star located in the Andromeda galaxy, approximately 20 times the mass of our Sun. The star exhibited an initial brightening in 2014, followed by a significant dimming from 2017 to 2020. This behavior aligned with predictions for a supernova that would fail to result in a black hole, yet no direct evidence of the black hole was observed, such as X-ray emissions.

Currently, De and his colleagues are utilizing the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Chandra X-ray Observatory to study M31-2014-DS1. They have detected a faint red object at the star’s previous location, which is only about 8% brighter than the original star and enveloped in rapidly expanding dust. This finding aligns with the expected characteristics of a supernova that fails to produce a black hole. However, De and his team have refrained from commenting further, as their research has not yet undergone peer review.

Another group studying the same JWST data, including Emma Beasor from Liverpool John Moores University, UK, suggested that the case for M31-2014-DS1 failing to explode may also indicate a stellar merger, which could result in small explosions followed by dimming and dust formation.

“Predictions for the appearance of a failed supernova significantly overlap with what we might expect from a collision of two stars creating vast amounts of dust,” Beasor explained.

However, both scenarios are rare, she noted, as it is uncommon to observe such drastic color changes in a star.

“No matter the explanation, it’s fascinating that the visible star has essentially vanished,” stated Gerald Gilmore from Cambridge University. “For years, the search for extinct massive stars has produced ambiguous outcomes, but now, advancements in multi-wavelength time-domain astronomy are paving the way for clarity.”

The definitive method for confirming black hole formation is through the identification of X-ray emissions, Gilmore noted, which are currently absent at the M31-2014-DS1 location. Nevertheless, if advanced telescopes like JWST can analyze the remnants of dimmed stars, we could soon uncover what occurred. “We are on the verge of discovering at least one of the ultimate fates of a massive star, which is intriguingly akin to the Cheshire Cat’s disappearance,” he remarked.

References: arXiv, DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2601.05774 and DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2601.05317

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Discover How This New Book Provides Effective Tools for Managing Anxiety – Is It the Solution You’ve Been Looking For?

Posted on January 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Pilot John Peters (front) and navigator John Nichol were captured as prisoners of war.

Trinity Mirror / Mirror Pix / Alamy

Uncertainty Toolkit
Sam Conniff and Catherine Templer-Lewis, The Bluebird (UK, now US, April)

Few individuals have experienced the extreme stress that fighter pilot John Peters underwent during the Gulf War. In January 1991, after completing a critical mission, Peters’ aircraft was hit by an enemy missile in the desert vicinity of Basra, Iraq. Despite the chaos, Peters and navigator John Nichol managed a brief escape before being apprehended by Iraqi forces.

While imprisoned, Peters endured harsh interrogation and was constantly haunted by the thought of dying in isolation. Nonetheless, he persevered. After his retirement from the Air Force, he pursued a degree in business administration and now excels as a motivational speaker.

Can we draw lessons from his resilience to manage our own stress? This is the foundation of the Uncertainty Toolkit, crafted by Sam Conniff and cognitive scientist Catherine Templer-Lewis. Peters is joined by a diverse group of “uncertainty experts,” including former gang leaders, refugees, and those overcoming addiction. Their collective wisdom, combined with empirical research, is paving the way for innovative strategies to handle the anxiety arising from unpredictable situations.

Conniff and Templer-Lewis introduce an engaging acronym—FFS—to illustrate the primary impacts of uncertainty: fear, fog, and stagnation. This framework illustrates how we grapple with the fear of the unknown, confusion caused by unpredictability, and immobility when faced with necessary action. The toolkit offers systematic exercises designed to conquer each hurdle.

This concept holds broad appeal; the authors previously tested it in collaboration with researchers at University College London, engaging over 20,000 participants through an interactive online documentary. Although the specifics of the research methodology and outcomes remain unclear, it seems to have positively transformed many participants’ perceptions of uncertainty from largely negative to predominantly constructive.

Despite its promise, reading this book can sometimes be tedious. It often reiterates concepts using nearly identical language, occasionally on the same page. The insights from uncertainty experts feel somewhat diluted, as demonstrated by Peters’ story, which ultimately loses impact when he is portrayed wishing to be remembered simply as a “good man” despite facing execution.

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It is vital to assess any emotions that might affect your judgment, including hunger, anger, anxiety, loneliness, or fatigue.
“

Nonetheless, the book is filled with effective strategies for regulating your emotions. Alongside familiar techniques like mindfulness and yogic breathing, readers will discover reflective exercises aimed at identifying avoidance behaviors, balancing fear of failure with the potential for regret, and reframing anxiety as excitement. The authors encourage readers to cultivate gratitude, clarify their values, and reconnect with their communities, all of which contribute to breaking free from the FFS state that often characterizes our response to uncertainty.

The book’s most insightful takeaway pertains to intuition. Our emotional instincts serve as a compass for decision-making, especially when facing information overload. However, this intuition can easily be overshadowed by our mental and physiological states. Thus, the authors advise checking in with ourselves for the most common emotions that can cloud our judgment: hunger, anger, anxiety, loneliness, and fatigue. This acronym can be remembered as HALT.

Additionally, Conniff and Templer-Lewis challenge stereotypes, urging us to broaden our understanding by engaging with those whose views diverge from our own. This advice is valuable for anyone seeking a clearer perspective on the world.

By the conclusion, I found the authors’ approach compelling, even though they compromised their scientific authority by referencing the prophecies of mystic Baba Vanga in “Balkan Nostradamus.” They claim she forecasted that 2030 would be marked by climate change and global conflict, which I found to be exactly the type of fear, fog, and stagnation they caution against. Nonetheless, if you can overlook these missteps, this book offers an empowering and enriching read.

David Robson is a writer. His latest book is Law of Connection

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring Science-Backed Strategies to Enhance Life Fulfillment

Posted on January 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exploring New Directions in Life

Alexandre Maurin Laprise / Alamy

As the new year begins, many individuals reassess their lives and goals. However, as one reader expressed, this journey often leads to confusion instead of clarity. “My New Year’s resolution is to feel fulfilled, but where do I begin?” he asked. “How can I find a new direction in life?”

Experiencing some frustration is entirely normal. Contrary to popular belief, there isn’t a universal shortcut to happiness. However, engaging in reflective exercises can help clarify your priorities and enhance your chances of identifying a rewarding path forward. Michaela C. Schippers and Niklas Ziegler from Erasmus University Rotterdam refer to this process as “life craft.” In their review of psychological research on uncovering meaning and purpose, they outline several actionable steps:

First, reflect on your values and passions. What activities bring you joy, and what legacy do you wish to leave? Next, assess your current skills and habits—what do you excel at now, and what would you like to cultivate in the future? Thirdly, evaluate your social connections: who uplifts you, and who drains your energy? Following that, contemplate your career aspirations, your ideal future, and your overarching goals. Lastly, consider your commitments—how can you take responsibility for your actions?

This comprehensive list encompasses both personal and professional realms, emphasizing social connection, a fundamental element of mental well-being. Acknowledging your existing capabilities boosts confidence in your ability to effect change, while identifying growth areas clarifies your future aspirations.

Schippers and Ziegler advocate for utilizing “implementation intentions” when setting goals. This strategy involves crafting a series of “if-then” plans to navigate potential challenges. For example, if you’ve determined that creativity is a core value and aspire to write a novel, you might commit to: “If I arrive home by 7 PM, then I will write for an hour before dinner.”

In the final phase of commitment, seek ways to increase accountability by sharing your goals with others. Research indicates that when students posted selfies along with written statements of their goals on social media, they were more likely to follow through.

Understand that discovering your path is a gradual process. You may revisit these exercises multiple times. Like any craft, enhancing your life requires continuous learning and dedication. Let’s embark on this journey in 2026.

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Michaéla C. Schippers and Niklas Ziegler’s insightful paper can be accessed for free at: doi.org/ghpv8q

Catch more articles published weekly at:
newscientist.com/maker

David Robson is an acclaimed science writer and the author of The Law of Connection: 13 Social Strategies That Will Change Your Life.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How AI is Set to Revolutionize Mental Illness Diagnosis

Posted on January 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Vibrant chatbot icon representing AI in mental health

The most significant advancements in depression treatment have not occurred since the 1980s. Prozac, the first SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor), marked a pivotal moment when it was introduced. This medication quickly spread globally, leading to hundreds of millions of individuals relying on SSRIs. Despite three-quarters of users reporting positive effects, not everyone experiences success with these treatments. As rates of depression continue to rise and with no substantial breakthroughs in therapies since SSRIs, an increasing number of people hope AI could revolutionize psychiatric care.

However, concerns remain. The effectiveness of chatbots hinges on the quality of data used for training. These AI tools are also susceptible to inherent biases and errors, often referred to as “hallucinations.” A recent study revealed that many well-known AI models fell short in providing reliable advice for 60% of women’s health inquiries.

Yet, AI could offer much-needed objectivity in the challenging realm of mental health diagnosis. Currently, depression diagnoses rely on ambiguous symptoms. By harnessing AI’s ability to analyze minor physical indicators, such as facial expressions and vocal patterns, psychiatry is on the path to establishing clearer biomarkers urgently needed in the field.

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AI can finally impart the objectivity needed to tackle the challenging nature of diagnosis.
“

The consequences of inadequate treatment are profound. In the absence of novel biomarkers, recent studies have highlighted the crucial influences of relationships and exposure to nature in the prevention of depression. Notably, a recent review provided compelling evidence that physical exercise can be as effective as antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapy in treating depression, although the reasons and ideal candidates for this approach remain unclear.

If AI can effectively determine which treatments suit individuals best, it may transform the lives of millions. Developers can learn to mitigate the numerous pitfalls associated with AI from the outset, ensuring that no patient encounters a “hallucinating” psychiatrist in the process.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Volcanoes: Understanding Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Earth’s History

Posted on January 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Arc-shaped volcanoes like Japan’s Sakurajima release carbon dioxide from the Earth’s interior

Asahi Shimbun via Getty Images

Arc volcanoes like Sakurajima releasing carbon dioxide — Arc-shaped volcanoes like Japan’s Sakurajima release carbon dioxide from the Earth’s interior

Asahi Shimbun via Getty Images

New research suggests that the impact of volcanoes on Earth’s climate may not be as ancient as previously believed.

The Earth’s climate has experienced shifts between “icehouse” and “greenhouse” conditions, largely dictated by greenhouse gas levels like carbon dioxide.

Volcanic arcs, including significant eruptions from mountain ranges such as Japan’s, release CO2 from deep within the Earth. Recent findings indicate that dinosaurs became a substantial source of carbon emissions only towards the end of their reign, approximately 100 million years ago, according to Ben Mather and his team from the University of Melbourne.

This correlates with the emergence of phytoplankton featuring calcium carbonate scales in the oceans approximately 150 million years ago. When these organisms perish, they deposit large amounts of calcium carbonate on the ocean floor.

As tectonic plates shift, these significant reservoirs of carbon are pushed into the mantle and recycled into the Earth’s molten core via a process known as subduction.

“Most of the carbon derived from plankton on the subducting oceanic plate mixes into the melt interior, but a portion is released through volcanic arcs,” explains Mather.

Before the emergence of scaly plankton, volcanic arc emissions contained relatively lower levels of CO2, according to Mather.

Through modeling, Mather and colleagues examined tectonics’ long-term impact on the carbon cycle over the past 500 million years. They discovered that much of the carbon stored within Earth throughout its history was released through crustal fractures in a process termed rifting, not primarily through volcanic arcs.

Rifting, a geological process where continents separate, can occur on land (as in the East African Rift) or along mid-ocean ridges.

“As tectonic plates separate, they effectively ‘roof off’ parts of the molten Earth,” Mather states. “This process generates new crust at mid-ocean ridges, releasing carbon.” The amount of carbon entering the atmosphere from continental fractures and mid-ocean ridges relies on the cracks’ length and the rate at which they separate, a process that has remained relatively stable. However, emissions from volcanic arcs have surged in the last 100 million years due to new carbon reservoirs formed by plankton.

Currently, Earth is in a temporary warm phase called an interglacial period, nested within a larger ice age that began 34 million years ago. One reason for the persistent cold phases is that phytoplankton sequester substantial amounts of carbon from the ocean, depositing it on the sea floor. Although volcanic emissions are rising, they still pale in comparison to the carbon stored by phytoplankton and that sequestered through tectonic movements.

According to Alan Collins and his team from the University of Adelaide, modeling studies like this are crucial for comprehending how volcanic and tectonic activities have influenced climate patterns over geological timescales.

“The composition of marine sediments has shifted as new organisms evolved, utilizing diverse elements, including the rise of calcium carbonate-based zooplankton,” Collins emphasizes.

Reference journal: Nature Communications Earth and Environment, DOI TK

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NASA Moves Moon Rocket to Launch Pad for Upcoming Astronaut Mission

Posted on January 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

NASA is set to roll out a massive 322-foot-tall rocket towards its launch pad this Saturday, a crucial milestone in the preparation for its highly anticipated Artemis II mission, which aims to send four astronauts around the moon.

The Space Launch System (SLS) rocket will transport the Orion capsule containing the astronauts, beginning its slow four-mile trek from NASA’s Vehicle Assembly Building to the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 7 a.m. ET. Viewers can catch the event, known as the “rollout,” live on NASA’s YouTube channel.

This event marks the beginning of essential tests and rehearsals that will pave the way for the first manned flight to the moon in over 50 years. Artemis II is tentatively scheduled for launch between February 6 and 11, with additional windows available in March and April.

The rollout is a critical phase for mission managers as they assess the rocket’s health and safety prior to setting a formal launch date.

“These are the kind of days we are living in,” stated John Honeycutt, chairman of the Artemis II mission management team, during a recent press conference.

Artemis II will feature a crew of four, including NASA astronauts Reed Wiseman, Victor Glover, and Christina Koch, along with Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen. They are scheduled to spend 10 days in space, initially orbiting Earth before heading into lunar orbit.

The deployment process is expected to take up to 12 hours. The Crawler Transporter, a giant mobile platform, will carry the 11 million-pound Artemis II rocket to NASA’s historic launch pad 39B, previously used in the Apollo and Space Shuttle programs.

NASA has indicated that the stacked rocket will move forward at a cautious pace, approximately 1 mile per hour.

Upon reaching the launch pad, preparations will begin for the essential launch day walkthrough, known as a wet dress rehearsal. This procedure includes refueling the rocket and conducting all standard protocols leading up to the T-29 second mark on the countdown, as detailed by Artemis launch director Charlie Blackwell Thompson.

“Launch day will closely mirror a wet dress rehearsal,” she explained. “The two main differences are sending our team to the pads and proceeding past the 29-second mark.”

This wet dress rehearsal serves as an opportunity for mission managers to evaluate the rocket’s systems in a real-world context while allowing engineers to identify any potential fuel leaks or technical issues.

If any problems arise, the rocket will be returned to the Vehicle Assembly Building for necessary repairs. However, if everything proceeds smoothly, NASA may soon announce a target launch date.

The Artemis II mission will serve as the most rigorous test yet for the Space Launch System rocket and Orion spacecraft, marking the first time the system will carry a crew.

During their time in the Orion capsule, astronauts will test the spacecraft’s docking capabilities and life support systems while in orbit around both Earth and the Moon.

Success in this mission will establish a foundation for Artemis III, slated for 2027, aiming to land astronauts near the moon’s south pole.

Returning to the moon has emerged as a priority for the U.S. government, particularly amid a new space race with China, which aims to land its own astronauts on the Moon by 2030.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Historic High Seas Treaty Now in Effect: First-Ever Protection for Ocean Waters

Posted on January 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Antarctic Trawler

Shutterstock

A groundbreaking treaty aimed at protecting the high seas has officially entered into force, marking a significant moment in marine conservation.

The vast expanses of the high seas, beyond a country’s 370-kilometre exclusive economic zone, are often referred to as the “Wild West” of the oceans. This region is notorious for its minimal regulations on fishing, making it a vital area that remains largely unexplored. According to recent studies, this deep-sea environment is inhabited by diverse marine organisms, with up to 95% of the habitat being vital to marine life.

In September 2025, over 60 countries ratified the UN Convention on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in the open ocean, which encompasses half of our planet’s surface. This historic agreement has initiated a 120-day countdown to its official implementation.

“This is one of the most important environmental agreements ever,” states Matt Frost from the Plymouth Marine Laboratory in the UK. “There was no established mechanism for creating protected marine areas on the high seas prior to this treaty.”

World-renowned marine biologist Sylvia Earle calls this treaty a ‘turning point’ in safeguarding ‘Earth’s blue heart’, which plays a crucial role in regulating climate and sustaining life.

A year remains before nations can establish protected areas under the treaty, as regulations and monitoring systems need to be finalized at the inaugural meeting of the parties in late 2026.

“This moment demonstrates that global cooperation is feasible,” says Earle. “Now we must act decisively.”

In the Atlantic, conservationists aim to safeguard unique ecosystems such as the “lost cities” formed by the seaweed mats of the Sargasso Sea, a crucial breeding ground for American and European eels, alongside the remarkable hydrothermal vent communities. Meanwhile, the Pacific Ocean conservation efforts target the Salas y Gomez and Nazca ridges, underwater mountains that serve as habitats for diverse marine species including whales, sharks, and turtles.

The treaty also envisions a shared repository for genetic resources discovered in the high seas, which could facilitate breakthroughs in medicinal research.

As maritime technology advances, fleets of factory ships are exploiting the high seas, leading to the overfishing of species and habitat destruction. This escalation threatens crucial biodiversity zones. Bottom trawling, in particular, causes severe damage to the ocean floor. Emerging techniques are being developed to fish in the “twilight zone” of mid-depth waters, between 200 and 1,000 meters, further complicating conservation efforts.

Local management organizations have noted that for two decades, there has been a call for a treaty to mitigate the overfishing of 56% of targeted fish stocks in international waters, as highlighted in recent studies.

Support for protective measures stems from the fact that 90% of marine protected areas in national waters are actively being preserved, positively influencing nearby fish populations by providing safe environments for spawning and growth.

Additionally, the 30 by 30 commitment aims to safeguard 30% of the Earth’s surface by 2030, making it essential to address the high seas for its successful realization.

Oceans currently absorb approximately 90% of the excess heat resulting from climate change. By shielding these critical areas from fishing and associated pollution, marine ecosystems can better adapt to rising temperatures.

“If you’re battling multiple afflictions, alleviating two can empower you to confront the remaining issues,” Frost asserts.

Moreover, marine ecosystems are responsible for absorbing a quarter of the CO2 emissions that contribute to climate change. Coastal environments like seagrass meadows and kelp forests are crucial carbon sinks, and activities such as the nocturnal feeding patterns of mesopelagic fish and plankton play a role in the carbon cycle.

“These species transport carbon from surface waters to deeper ocean layers, significantly influencing the carbon dynamics,” explains Callum Roberts from the Convex Seascape Survey, a global research initiative focusing on the ocean’s impact on climate change.

The treaty’s initial challenge involves identifying appropriate areas for protection, especially as species migrate in response to shifting ocean temperatures. Only 27% of the ocean floor has been thoroughly mapped.

Enforcement will also be a formidable challenge. Current marine protected areas in national waters include a significant number of “paper parks” that offer little actual protection for species.

Advancements in satellite imagery and AI technology have made it feasible to monitor vessels and detect unlawful activities. Nonetheless, enforcement will rely on member states to act against flagrant violations, including barring offending ships from their ports.

While 145 countries have signed the treaty, it is only enforceable for those that ratify it. Currently, 83 nations have adopted the treaty, with the UK, US, Canada, and Australia yet to follow suit.

“The more nations that ratify this treaty, the stronger it becomes,” says Sarah Bedorf from Oceana. “We all share the responsibility of protecting the high seas, which ultimately benefits everyone.”

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Astounding Discovery: Astronomers Find Iron ‘Rod’ at the Center of a Mysterious Ring Nebula

Posted on January 17, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers utilizing the WHT Extended Area Velocity Explorer (WEAVE), a cutting-edge instrument aboard the William Herschel Telescope on La Palma Island, have uncovered an intriguing elongated structure of ionized iron within the renowned Ring Nebula.

A composite image of the Ring Nebula featuring four WEAVE/LIFU emission line images. Image credit: Wesson et al., doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf2139.

The Ring Nebula, also known as Messier 57, M57, or NGC 6720, is a classic planetary nebula located approximately 2,000 light-years away in the constellation Lyra.

This nebula was first discovered by the French astronomer Charles Messier in January 1779 while he was on a mission to find comets.

Messier’s report about the discovery of Comet Bode reached fellow astronomer Antoine d’Alquier de Perpois shortly afterward, who subsequently rediscovered the Ring Nebula during his comet observations.

The newly identified rod-shaped cloud of iron atoms resides within the inner layer of this elliptical nebula.

Measuring about 500 times the length of Pluto’s orbit around the sun, this cloud’s atomic mass of iron is comparable to that of Mars.

This iron cloud was detected using the Large Integral Field Unit (LIFU) mode of the innovative WEAVE instrument on the 4.2-meter William Herschel Telescope, part of the Isaac Newton Group.

According to Dr. Roger Wesson, an astronomer from University College London and Cardiff University: “While the Ring Nebula has been extensively studied with various telescopes, WEAVE enables us to observe it in unprecedented detail, providing much richer information than previously available.”

“By continuously collecting spectra across the nebula, we can image it at any wavelength and analyze its chemical composition at any given location.”

“As we process the data and examine the images, we discover a never-before-seen ‘rod’ of ionized iron atoms at the heart of this iconic ring.”

The exact nature of the iron “rods” within the Ring Nebula remains uncertain.

Two potential scenarios emerge: the bar may offer new insights into the nebula’s formation and ejection by its parent star, or (more intriguingly) it could represent an arc of plasma from a rocky planet evaporating during the star’s initial expansion.

Professor Janet Drew, also from University College London, noted: “We need to investigate further, particularly to determine if the newly detected iron coexists with other elements. This could guide us toward the appropriate models to explore.”

“Currently, this crucial information is lacking.”

For more in-depth details, check out the findings published today in the Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices.

_____

R. Wesson et al. 2026. WEAVE Imaging Spectroscopy of NGC 6720: Iron Rods in the Ring. MNRAS 546 (1): staf2139; doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf2139

Source: www.sci.news

Mastering Quantum Computing: A Beginner’s Guide to Understanding the Basics

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

IBM’s Quantum System Two Unveiled at a Data Center in Germany

IBM's Quantum System Two showcased in Ehningen, Germany on October 1, 2024, featuring advanced quantum chips at IBM's inaugural quantum data center. — IBM’s Quantum System Two Unveiled at a Data Center in Germany

Quantum computing has been making headlines lately. You might have noticed quantum chips and their intriguing cooling systems dominating your news feed. From politicians to business leaders, the term “quantum” is everywhere. If you find yourself perplexed, consider setting a New Year’s resolution to grasp the fundamentals of quantum computing this year.

This goal may seem daunting, but the timing is perfect. The quantum computing sector has achieved significant breakthroughs lately, making it a hotbed of innovation and investment, with the market expected to exceed $1 billion, likely doubling in the coming years. Yet, high interest often leads to disproportionate hype.

There remain numerous questions about when quantum computers might outpace classical ones. While mathematicians and theorists ponder these queries, the practical route may be to improve quantum computers through experimentation. However, consensus on the best methodologies for building these systems is still elusive.

Compounding the complexity, quantum mechanics itself is notoriously challenging to comprehend. Physicists debate interpretations of bizarre phenomena like superposition and entanglement, which are pivotal for quantum computing’s potential.

Feeling overwhelmed? You’re not alone. But don’t be discouraged; these challenges can be overcome with curiosity.

As a former high school teacher, I often encountered curious students who would linger after class, eager to discuss intricate aspects of quantum computing. Many were novice learners in math or physics, yet they posed thought-provoking questions. One summer, a group who took an online quantum programming course approached me, surpassing my own coding knowledge in quantum applications. The following year, we delved into advanced topics typically reserved for college-level classes.

Recently, I discovered a young talent in quantum inquiry. A 9-year-old YouTuber, Kai, co-hosts a podcast named Quantum Kid, where he interviews leading quantum computing experts for over 88,000 subscribers to enjoy.

Kai’s co-host, Katya Moskvich, is not only his mother but also a physicist with extensive experience in science writing. She works at Quantum Machines, a firm developing classical devices that enhance the functionality of quantum computers. Kai brings an infectious enthusiasm to the podcast, engaging with pivotal figures who have influenced modern quantum theory.

In a recent episode, renowned quantum algorithm creator Peter Scholl discussed the intersection of quantum computing, sustainability, and climate action. Nobel laureate Stephen Chu and distinguished computer scientist Scott Aaronson also joined, exploring concepts like time travel and its theoretical connections to quantum mechanics. Additionally, physicist John Preskill collaborated with roboticist Ken Goldberg to examine the interplay of quantum computing and robotics.

While The Quantum Kid may not delve deep into rigorous math, it offers a fun entry point and insight from leading experts in quantum technology. Most episodes introduce fundamental concepts like superposition and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, which you can explore further in reputable publications such as New Scientist.

The true strength of The Quantum Kid lies in Kai’s ability to ask the very questions that an inquisitive mind might have regarding quantum computers—those which seek to unpack the complex yet fascinating nature of this technology. If you’ve been curious about quantum computing but have felt overwhelmed, Kai encourages you to remain inquisitive and seek clarity. (We’re here to guide you on your quantum journey.)

Could quantum computers revolutionize space exploration or even facilitate time travel? Might they help develop advanced robotics or combat climate issues? The answers are not straightforward, laden with nuances. Kai’s engaging dialogues make complex theories accessible, ensuring clarity resonates with both young listeners and adults. Hearing Peter Scholl reiterate that current quantum systems lack the clout to change the world doesn’t dampen Kai’s enthusiasm but rather fuels it.

In the pilot episode, physicist Lennart Renner expresses optimism, stating, “We’re evolving alongside new machines that can potentially revolutionize tasks, hence we must deliberate on their applications,” setting a forward-thinking tone that reverberates throughout the series.

Adopting a blend of Kai’s wonder and imagination, coupled with the seasoned expertise of guests, will enhance any quantum learning project you embark on this year. Quantum computing, while intricate and multifaceted, remains incredibly compelling. If your child is captivated, why not explore it together?

Topics:

Quantum Computing/
Quantum Physics

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Amateur Mathematicians Use AI to Tackle Age-Old Math Problems

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

AI Tools Revolutionize Solutions for Old Math Problems

Andreser/Getty Images

New Scientist: Explore groundbreaking science news and in-depth articles by expert journalists covering the latest advancements in science, technology, health, and the environment. — AI Tools Revolutionize Solutions for Old Math Problems

Andreser/Getty Images

Amateur mathematicians are leveraging artificial intelligence chatbots to tackle historic mathematical challenges, much to the astonishment of experts. Although the questions may not represent the pinnacle of mathematical complexity, their successful resolution suggests a significant breakthrough in AI’s capabilities in mathematics, potentially altering future methodologies, according to researchers.

The challenges addressed by AI are linked to Paul Erdős, a renowned Hungarian mathematician celebrated for posing intriguing yet complex questions throughout his prolific 60-year career. “The inquiries were often straightforward but exceedingly complex,” says Thomas Bloom from the University of Manchester, UK.

At the time of Erdős’ death in 1996, over 1,000 unsolved problems existed, spanning various mathematical disciplines, from combinatorics to number theory. Today, these challenges represent critical milestones for advancements in mathematics, Bloom explains. He maintains a website dedicated to cataloging these problems and tracking mathematicians’ progress in solving them.

Given the clarity of Erdős’ problems, mathematicians began experimenting with feeding them into AI tools like ChatGPT. Last October, Bloom noted an increase in users employing AI models to uncover pertinent references in mathematical literature to aid their solutions.

Shortly thereafter, AI tools began uncovering partial improvements in results—some were previously documented while others seemed to be novel.

“I was taken aback,” Bloom recalls. “Previously, when I tested ChatGPT, it provided mere conjectures, leading me to abandon it. However, since October, I discovered genuine papers, as ChatGPT effectively analyzed existing literature, uncovering substantial insights.”

Inspired by these advancements, Kevin Barrett, an undergraduate mathematics student at Cambridge, along with amateur mathematician Liam Price, set out to identify simpler and less-explored Erdős problems amenable to AI solutions. After discovering the number 728—a conjecture in number theory—they successfully solved it using ChatGPT-5.2 Pro.

“Upon seeing the statement, I thought, ‘Perhaps ChatGPT can solve this. Let’s give it a shot,’” Barrett remarks. “Indeed, numerous experts concur that the argument is elegant and quite sophisticated.”

After ChatGPT generated the proof, Barrett and Price employed another AI tool named Aristotle, developed by Harmonic, to validate their findings. Aristotle translates traditional proofs into the Lean mathematical programming language, which is swiftly verified for accuracy by a computer. Bloom highlights this process as vital, as it conserves researchers’ limited time when confirming their results’ validity.

As of mid-January, AI tools have completely solved six Erdős problems, but professional mathematicians later identified that five of these had existing solutions in the literature. Only problem number 205 was entirely resolved by Barrett and Price without prior solutions. Additionally, AI facilitated minor improvements and partial resolutions to seven other problems that were absent in existing literature.

This predicament has sparked debate regarding whether these AI tools unveil true innovations or simply resurrect old, overlooked solutions. Bloom notes that AI models frequently need to reconceptualize problems, discovering papers that make no mention of Erdős whatsoever. “Many papers I encountered would likely have remained undiscovered without this kind of AI documentation,” he remarks.

Another point of discussion is the potential limits of this approach. While the addressed problems aren’t the most formidable in mathematics, they could typically be resolved by first-year doctoral students; nonetheless, Bloom considers the achievement significant, noting the substantial effort required for such tasks.

Barrett further emphasizes that the problems currently being solved are relatively easier compared to more challenging Erdős problems, which contemporary AI models struggle to tackle. “Ultimately, AI will need more advanced models to address complex problems,” he forecasts. Some of these challenging issues even come with cash prizes for solutions, although Barrett believes that resolutions are unlikely in the near future, stating, “I don’t think we have a model for that yet.”

Utilizing AI to tackle Erdős’ problems offers promising potential for progress, according to Kevin Buzzard. Since most of the addressed challenges are straightforward or have received scant attention, it’s difficult to gauge whether these results signify substantial breakthroughs or if they warrant professional concern. “This is progress, but mathematicians aren’t quite ready to embrace it fully,” Buzzard observes. “It’s merely a budding advancement.”

Even with the models’ current limitations, their capability to work with moderately complex mathematics could fundamentally transform how researchers craft and analyze proofs. This advancement allows mathematicians with specialized knowledge to access insights from diverse mathematical fields.

“Few individuals possess expertise across all mathematical domains, limiting their toolkit,” Bloom explains. “Being able to obtain answers rapidly, without the hassle of consulting others or investing months in potentially irrelevant knowledge, creates numerous new connections. This is a groundbreaking shift that is likely to widen the scope of ongoing research.”

It may enable mathematicians to adopt entirely novel methodologies. Terence Tao at the University of California, Los Angeles, has been instrumental in validating AI-assisted methods for solving Erdős problems.

Given their limited schedules, mathematicians often prioritize a select few difficult problems, leaving many easier yet essential questions overlooked. If AI tools can be employed instantaneously across a multitude of problems, Tao believes it could facilitate a more empirical approach to mathematics, enabling extensive testing of various solutions.

“Currently, we neglect 99% of solvable problems due to our finite resources for expert analysis,” Tao asserts. “Therefore, we often bypass hundreds of significant issues, seeking just one or two that capture our interest. We also lack the capacity for comparative studies like, ‘Which of these two methods is superior?'”

“Such large-scale mathematics has yet to be undertaken,” he concludes. “However, AI demonstrates the feasibility of this approach.”

Topics:

Artificial Intelligence/
ChatGPT

Source: www.newscientist.com

Could Meat Be the Key to Living to 100? Exploring Its Surprising Role in Longevity

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Celebrating 100 years with love and memories

Xinhua/Shutterstock

Centenarian Hu Zaizhong celebrates his 100th birthday in northern China, April 24, 2021. Surrounded by family, he shared six wishes that symbolize a life well-lived. — Celebrating 100 years with love and memories

Xinhua/Shutterstock

Longevity advocates, such as Brian Johnson, often push boundaries in their pursuit of immortality. For those of us looking to celebrate a century with less complexity, dietary changes are typically the first step. While plant-based diets are frequently recommended, recent studies in China indicate many centenarians include meat in their diets, potentially offering crucial benefits, especially for those with low body weight.

Meat is a source of essential amino acids that influence a signaling molecule named mTOR, linked to the aging process. Although numerous studies recommend reducing meat intake for longevity and disease prevention, it’s important to note that vegetarian diets have been associated with increased fractures and instances of malnutrition.

These challenges can be particularly pronounced for older adults with weaker bones, resulting in slower recovery post-surgery. According to Wang Kaiyue from Fudan University in Shanghai, understanding the link between diet and longevity is essential. Wang and colleagues analyzed data from a centralized health database focusing on individuals aged 65 and above.

Within their study, 5,203 participants aged 80 and older in 1998, who were free from cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, or cancer, were surveyed. Approximately 80% identified as meat eaters, while others followed a mainly plant-based diet but occasionally consumed animal products.

Interestingly, meat consumers demonstrated a higher probability of living to age 100 compared to those following vegetarian, pescatarian, or vegan diets. This finding held statistical significance when body weight factored into the analysis.

The likelihood of reaching 100 grew, especially among underweight meat eaters, with 30% reporting daily meat consumption, compared to 24% of underweight vegetarians in 1998. This trend was less pronounced among heavier individuals.

While heavy consumption of meat has been linked with obesity, research supports the role of animal proteins in building stronger muscles and enhancing bone health. According to Wang, such benefits are particularly significant for those lacking body mass.

Nonetheless, a diet rich in vegetables is crucial, with findings indicating participants who consumed vegetables daily tended to have extended lifespans.

“Older adults often face unique nutritional challenges,” says Wang. “Our research implies that dietary guidelines for older individuals should prioritize nutritional balance over strict avoidance of animal products, particularly for those with low body weight.”

This particular outcome may not hold true globally, as dietary habits differ significantly, but “the biological principles connecting nutrition and aging likely have universal relevance,” Wang adds.

According to James Webster from the University of Oxford, while this discovery is noteworthy, it should not drastically alter dietary practices. His team’s previous study highlighted a potential link between vegetarianism and the risk of femoral neck fractures, suggesting potential health issues with a strict vegetarian diet. However, Webster stresses that several studies illuminate the benefits of vegetarianism, especially concerning overall health.

Both vegetarian and meat-inclusive diets can be either healthy or detrimental, depending on nutritional content quality, Webster notes. “Identifying the nutrients essential for a balanced and healthful lifestyle is key,” he says, recommending a rich intake of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables while limiting salt, sugar, and saturated fats.

“Ultimately, more research is needed to determine the optimal diets for longevity, but a comprehensive view of dietary patterns is imperative,” concludes Webster.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

New Definition Could Reroute 75% of U.S. Adults to Obesity Status

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New research reveals a revised definition of obesity, indicating that over 75% of U.S. adults could now be classified as obese. This stark increase is based on a recent study’s findings.

Currently, approximately 43% of Americans meet the traditional body mass index (BMI) standard of 30 or above. However, when researchers expanded the definition to include waist-to-height and waist-to-hip ratios, the estimated obesity prevalence soared to 75.2%.

A detailed analysis conducted by a research team from Yale School of Medicine and Harvard University emphasizes that relying solely on BMI may significantly underestimate the actual number of individuals with excess body fat.

According to the study director, Dr. Nora Al Roub, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, “BMI is a straightforward calculation based on weight and height. While it is simple to compute, it does not provide insight into fat distribution or the composition of a person’s weight pertaining to fat versus muscle.” – BBC Science Focus.

The updated criteria classify all adults with a BMI of 30 or higher as obese, as well as 38.5% of individuals with a BMI under 25, which is typically deemed healthy.

Dr. Al Roub states, “This increase underscores how many individuals possess unhealthy levels of body fat, even while having a normal or slightly elevated BMI.”

The study notes that while these newly identified obese individuals may not require immediate medical interventions, they are at an elevated risk for conditions such as diabetes and heart disease, highlighting the importance of early preventive strategies.

Innovative diagnostic strategies aim to identify more obesity cases before they lead to complications – Credit: Getty

The new guidelines, first suggested in January 2025 by the Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology Committee led by Professor Francesco Rubino of King’s College London, have received endorsement from over 70 healthcare organizations.

Professor Rubino pointed out that the recent analysis may slightly misinterpret these guidelines. The additional metrics were intended to help identify individuals who may have obesity even if their BMI is just under the obesity threshold.

He further notes that the thresholds can differ based on gender and ethnicity, but generally, a BMI of 25 is considered well below the obesity classification.

Dr. Al Roub emphasized that the goal of the study was not to redefine obesity but to understand how population-level obesity estimates change when these criteria are uniformly applied to real-world datasets.

What are the Updated Guidelines for Obesity?

The new guidelines propose utilizing BMI as an initial screening tool to identify individuals at risk, followed by several additional measurements. While specific thresholds can vary by age, gender, and ethnicity, commonly accepted cutoffs include:

Waist circumference of 102cm or more for men, and 88cm or more for women
Waist-to-hip ratio of 0.9 or greater for men, and 0.85 or greater for women
Waist-to-height ratio exceeding 0.5

To be categorized as obese, individuals must meet one of the following criteria:

BMI of 40 or more
BMI between 30-39 (or ethnicity-specific threshold) along with at least one additional measurement
BMI less than but close to 30 (or ethnicity-specific threshold) plus at least two additional measurements

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Rethinking Quantum Computing: Are They Necessary for Key Applications?

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Can Quantum Computers Revolutionize Agriculture?

As quantum computing technology evolves, it becomes crucial to pinpoint challenges that can be tackled more efficiently than with classical computers. Interestingly, many significant tasks that quantum advocates are pursuing may not necessitate quantum computing at all.

The focal point of this discussion is a molecule called FeMoco, essential for life on Earth due to its role in nitrogen fixation. This process enables microorganisms to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, making it biologically available for other organisms. The mechanisms of FeMoco are intricate and not completely understood, but unraveling this could greatly diminish energy usage in fertilizer production and enhance crop yields.

Understanding FeMoco involves determining its lowest energy state, or “ground state” energy, which necessitates examining several electron behaviors. Electrons, being quantum particles, exhibit wave-like properties and occupy distinct regions known as orbits. This complexity has historically made it challenging for classical computers to calculate the various properties of FeMoco accurately.

While approximation methods have shown some success, their energy estimates have been constrained in accuracy. Conversely, rigorous mathematical analyses have demonstrated that quantum computers, utilizing a fundamentally different encoding of complexity, can resolve problems without relying on approximations, exemplifying what is known as ‘quantum advantage.’

Now, researchers such as Garnet Kin Rick Chan from the California Institute of Technology have unveiled a conventional calculation method capable of achieving comparable accuracy to quantum calculations. A pivotal metric in this discussion is “chemical precision,” which signifies the minimum accuracy required to yield reliable predictions in chemical processes. Based on their findings, Chan and colleagues assert that standard supercomputers can compute FeMoco’s ground state energy with the necessary precision.

FeMoco embodies various quantum states, each with distinct energy levels, forming a structure similar to a ladder with the ground state at the base. To streamline the process for classical algorithms to reach this lowest level, researchers concentrated on the states located on adjacent rungs and inferred their implications for what may exist one or two steps below. Insights into the symmetries of the electrons’ quantum states offered valuable context.

This simplification allowed researchers to use classical algorithms to establish an upper limit on FeMoco’s ground state energy and subsequently extrapolate it to a value with an uncertainty consistent with chemical accuracy. Essentially, the computed lowest energy state must be precise enough for future research applications.

Furthermore, researchers estimate that supercomputing methods could outperform quantum techniques, allowing classical calculations that would typically take eight hours to be completed in under a minute. This assumption relies on ideal supercomputer performance.

However, does this discovery mean you’ll instantly understand FeMoco and enhance agricultural practices? Not entirely. Numerous questions remain unanswered, such as which molecular components interact most effectively with nitrogen and what intermediate molecules are produced in the nitrogen fixation process.

“While this study does not extensively detail the FeMoco system’s capabilities, it further elevates the benchmark for quantum methodologies as a model to illustrate quantum benefits,” explains David Reichman from Columbia University in New York.

Dominic Berry, a professor at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, highlights that although their team’s research demonstrates that classical computers can approach the FeMoco dilemma, it only does so through approximations, while quantum methods promise complete problem resolution.

“This raises questions about the rationale for utilizing quantum computers for such challenges; however, for more intricate systems, we anticipate that the computational time for classical approaches will escalate much faster than quantum algorithms,” he states.

Another hurdle is that quantum computing technology is still evolving. Existing quantum devices are currently too limited and error-prone for tackling problems like determining FeMoco’s ground state energy. Yet, a new generation of fault-tolerant quantum computers, capable of self-correction, is on the horizon. From a practical standpoint, Berry suggests that quantum computing may still represent the optimal approach to deciphering FeMoco and related molecules. “Quantum computing will eventually facilitate more general solutions to these systems and enable routine computations once fault-tolerant quantum devices become widely available.”

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Historic Discovery: Oldest Supernova in History Illuminates Earliest Star

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Image of SN Eos supernova taken by the James Webb Space Telescope

James Webb Space Telescope image of SN Eos supernova — Image of SN Eos supernova taken by the James Webb Space Telescope

Astronomers have identified a colossal star’s explosion shortly after the universe emerged from the Cosmic Dark Ages, offering insights into the birth and demise of the first stars.

When a star exhausts its fuel, it explodes in a spectacular event known as a supernova. While nearby supernovae are exceedingly bright, the light from ancient explosions takes billions of years to reach Earth, fading into invisibility by the time it arrives.

This is why astronomers typically detect distant supernovae only during exceptional circumstances, such as Type Ic supernovae, which are the remnants of stars stripped of their outer gas and producing intense gamma-ray bursts. However, the more common Type II supernova, the predominant explosion observed in our galaxy, occurs when a massive star depletes its fuel but remains too faint for casual observation.

Notably, David Coulter, a professor at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, and his team utilized the James Webb Space Telescope to discover a Type II supernova named SN Eos, dating back to when the universe was only 1 billion years old.

Fortunately, the supernova’s explosion took place behind a vast galaxy cluster, whose potent gravity amplified the light, rendering SN Eos dozens of times brighter than it would typically appear, facilitating detailed studies.

Researchers meticulously analyzed the light spectrum from SN Eos, confirming it as the oldest supernova detected via spectroscopy. Their findings denote it as a Type II supernova, attesting to its origins from a massive star.

Additionally, evidence suggests that the progenitor star contained remarkably low quantities of elements beyond hydrogen and helium—less than 10% of the elemental abundance present in the Sun. This aligns with theories about the early universe, where multiple stellar generations hadn’t existed long enough to create heavier elements.

“This allows us to quickly identify the type of stellar population in that region. [This star] exploded,” stated Or Graul from the University of Portsmouth, UK. “Massive stars tend to explode shortly after their formation. In cosmological terms, a million years is a brief interval, making them indicators of ongoing star formation within their respective galaxies.”

Light from such vast distances is typically emitted by small galaxies, allowing astronomers to infer the average characteristics of the stars within these galaxies. However, studying individual stars at these distances tends to be unfeasible. As noted by Matt Nicholl of Queen’s University, Belfast, UK, “This discovery provides us with exquisite data on an individual star. [Distance] has kept us from observing an isolated supernova here, but the data confirms this star’s uniqueness compared to others in the local universe.”

This observation occurred just a few hundred million years following the Era of Reionization, a pivotal period in the universe’s history. During this time, light from the inaugural stars began ionizing neutral hydrogen gas, transitioning it into translucent ionized hydrogen. This relates to SN Eos, as it serves as a supernova from a time we would expect to see.

“This discovery closely coincides with the reionization era when the universe emerged from darkness, permitting photons to travel freely once more and allowing us to observe,” said Graul.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Canceling Plans Could Be More Socially Acceptable Than You Realize

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

People Are Surprisingly Forgiving When Plans Are Canceled

While many individuals feel guilty about canceling social engagements, research indicates that the recipients of these cancellations may be more understanding than expected.

“This suggests that individuals shouldn’t stress too much about cancellations,” says Esra Aslan, a researcher at the Norwegian School of Economics in Oslo.

Previous studies have examined how people respond when social plans are canceled, but few have explored the accuracy of those assumed reactions. This became evident to Aslan when he decided to cancel a planned gathering.

“I was set to meet a friend after work but chose to cancel. My colleague immediately responded that canceling was wise due to my work commitment,” Aslan recalls.

“Afterward, I shared my thoughts with Raj, another coworker, who was enthusiastic and suggested we should investigate this further,” she adds.

In a study involving around 400 adults in the United States, with an average age of 42, participants were asked to assess a scenario in which two close friends had dinner plans, but one had to cancel last minute due to urgent work obligations, leaving the other to dine alone.

Participants evaluated the cancellation from either perspective—making the cancellation or receiving it—rating the acceptability from 1 (not at all acceptable) to 7 (mostly acceptable).

Those imagining making the cancellation believed their friend would likely be displeased, estimating an average acceptance score of only 4.96. In contrast, participants who envisioned being on the receiving end granted an average acceptance score of 6.22.

This disparity in perception persisted across various scenarios involving different relationships and social contexts.

“I found minimal difference in the acceptance of cancellations for dinner plans among neighbors, close friends, or work colleagues,” states Rajarshi Majumder from GEM Alpine Business School in France. Even in more public settings, like concerts or when vague excuses such as ‘catching up on work’ were given for cancellations, this perception gap remained consistent.

Researchers hope these insights alleviate anxiety around canceling plans, suggesting that reducing this stress could lead to increased sociability. “Excessive worry about cancellations may deter people from planning social activities in the first place,” Aslan suggests.

However, Majumdar cautions that cultural differences may influence these findings, particularly in regions like parts of Asia, where cancellations could be viewed more harshly.

Aslan emphasizes the importance of being considerate when canceling. “Making small gestures, like rescheduling, can greatly strengthen relationships,” she advises.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Love Machine Review: Exploring the Impact of Chatbots on Human Relationships

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Imagine forming a deep bond with a chatbot that suddenly starts suggesting products.

Maria Kornieva/Getty Images

A woman with hearts in her eyes, representing the rise of AI relationships. — Imagine forming a deep bond with a chatbot that suddenly starts suggesting products.

Maria Kornieva/Getty Images

Love Machines
by James Muldoon, Faber & Faber

Artificial intelligence is becoming an inescapable reality, seamlessly integrating into our lives. Forget searching for chatbots; new icons will soon appear in your favorite applications, easily accessible with a single click, from WhatsApp to Google Drive, and even in basic programs like Microsoft Notepad.

The tech industry is making substantial investments in AI, pushing users to leverage these advancements. While many embrace AI for writing, management, and planning, some take it a step further, cultivating intimate relationships with their AI companions.

In James Muldoon’s Love Machine: How Artificial Intelligence Will Change Our Relationships, we delve into the intricate connections humans form with chatbots, whether they’re designed for romantic encounters or simply companionship. These AI systems also serve as friends or therapists, showcasing a broad range of interactions we’ve often discussed. New Scientist dedicates 38 pages to this topic.

In one interview, a 46-year-old woman in a passionless marriage shares her experience of using AI to explore her intricate sexual fantasies set in an 18th-century French villa. This opens up broader conversations about utilizing AI in more practical life scenarios, such as during a doctor’s visit.

Another participant, Madison, recounts uploading her late best friend’s text messages to a “deathbot” service, which generates a way for her to maintain communication.

Muldoon’s anecdotes often carry an element of voyeuristic intrigue. They reveal the diverse ways individuals navigate their lives, some paths being healthier than others. What works for one person might prove detrimental for another.

However, a critical question remains. Are we naïve to think that AI services won’t evolve like social media, cluttered with advertisements for profit? Envision a long-term relationship with a chatbot that frequently pushes products your way. What happens if the company collapses? Can you secure backups of your artificial companions, or migrate them elsewhere? Do you hold rights to the generated data and networks? Moreover, there are psychological risks associated with forming attachments to these indifferent “yes-men,” which may further alienate individuals lacking real social connections.

Nonetheless, there are positive applications for this technology. In Ukraine, for instance, AI is being harnessed to help individuals suffering from PTSD, far exceeding the current availability of human therapists. The potential to revolutionize customer service, basic legal operations, and administrative tasks is immense. Yet, Muldoon’s narrative suggests that AI often functions as an unhealthy emotional crutch. One man, heartbroken over his girlfriend’s betrayal, envisions creating an AI partner and starting a family with her.

This book appears less about examining the social impacts of innovative technology and more like a warning signal regarding pervasive loneliness and the critical lack of mental health resources. A flourishing economy, robust healthcare system, and more supportive society could reduce our reliance on emotional bonds with software.

Humans are naturally inclined to anthropomorphize inanimate objects, even naming cars and guitars. Our brain’s tendency to perceive faces in random patterns—pareidolia—has been a survival mechanism since prehistoric times. So, is it surprising that we could be deceived by machines that mimic conversation?

If this provokes skepticism, guilty as charged. While there’s potential for machines to gain sentience and form genuine relationships in the future, such advancements are not yet realized. Today’s AI struggles with basic arithmetic and lacks genuine concern for users, despite producing seemingly thoughtful responses.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Stunning Photos That Reveal the Fascinating World of Quantum Physics

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Marco Schioppo and Adam Park monitor ultra-stable lasers at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington, UK.

David Severn, part of Quantum Untangled (2025), Science Gallery, King’s College London

In a striking portrayal, two physicists observe Britain’s revolutionary quantum technology involving ultra-stable lasers at the National Physical Laboratory in London. Captured by photographer David Severn for the **Quantum Untangled** exhibition at King’s College London, this fascinating image was shortlisted for the **Portrait of Britain Award**.

Severn states, “This portrait offers a rare peek into a domain typically hidden from view, like opening a door to a normally restricted lab.” While the photographs are contemporary, he notes that the scientists’ engagements with technology evoke imagery reminiscent of earlier eras, such as a 1940s submarine pilot or operators of a cotton spinning machine from the turn of the 20th century.

Having no background in quantum mechanics before this venture, Severn was briefed on current quantum physics projects in the UK. He observed that the bewildering aspects of quantum science closely align with artistic perspectives. “Although many scientific concepts eluded my detailed understanding, ideas like superposition and quantum entanglement resonated with me intuitively, akin to artistic realization,” he shared.

3D Printed Helmet Prototype

David Severn, part of Quantum Untangled (2025), Science Gallery, King’s College London

Severn’s captivating photographs highlight a range of innovations in quantum physics, showcasing a **3D-printed helmet** (above) designed to house a quantum sensor that images the brain using magnetic fields. He also features a complex **laser table** (below) monitored by Hartmut Grothe from Cardiff University, ensuring that the vacuum pumps sustaining the system remain operational.

Hartmut Grote at the Laser Table

David Severn, part of Quantum Untangled (2025), Science Gallery, King’s College London

Severn’s photography embraces a mystical quality, showcasing the **3D-printed imaging helmet** used by researchers from the University of Nottingham’s Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Center (as shown above), along with the intricate network of pumps and mirrors essential for maintaining cleanliness in Grothe’s experiments (as depicted below). Severn asserts that this ethereal essence is intentional.

Joe Gibson Wearing a 3D Printed Imaging Helmet at the University of Nottingham

David Severn, part of Quantum Untangled (2025), Science Gallery, King’s College London

Complex Vacuum System from King’s College London’s Photonics and Nanotechnology Group

David Severn, part of Quantum Untangled (2025), Science Gallery, King’s College London

Severn references a favorite quote from photographer Diane Arbus: “Photographs are secrets about secrets. The more they tell you, the less you understand.” He finds a parallel in quantum physics, where just when one thinks they’ve grasped how light behaves, the quantum realm subverts those expectations and exposes the elusive truths underpinning our understanding of reality.

The **Quantum Untangled** exhibition is on display at the Science Gallery at King’s College London until February 28, 2025. This event is a reimagining of the traveling exhibition **Cosmic Titans: Art, Science and the Quantum Universe** organized by Lakeside Arts and ARTlab at the University of Nottingham.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Boost Your Chess Winning Odds: Discover 3 Essential Cheats for Success!

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Detecting Cheating in Chess: The Challenge

Simple Image/Getty

Chess Game Analysis — Detecting Cheating in Chess: The Challenge

Simple Image/Getty

Just three cunning acts of cheating can drastically shift the odds in chess, turning an evenly matched game into an almost guaranteed victory, a new analysis reveals. This highlights the need for effective systems to detect and prevent cheating in chess.

Daniel Kellen from the University of Haifa, Israel, simulated 100,000 games using the advanced Stockfish chess engine. Famous for its unmatched performance, Stockfish can outplay any human world champion. In these matches, two computer engines competed at an average skill level (1500 Elo rating), while powerful interventions occurred from a more skilled computer with an Elo score of 3190—higher than any human’s.

Typically, playing as White confers a slight advantage with a 51% probability of winning, primarily due to the first move advantage. However, Kellen’s findings showed that leveraging a computer system like Stockfish for guidance on just one move amplifies that probability to an average of 66%. If a player resorts to three instances of cheating, the chance of victory escalates dramatically to 84%.

“We anticipated that the first act of cheating would raise the winning probability to 55%, with a second nudging it to 60%. However, cheating three times escalated the odds to an astonishing 84%,” Kellen notes. This is a crucial insight for players seeking victory.

A single, well-timed move suggested by a superior chess engine (approximately 30 moves into the game) can improve winning chances by 15 percentage points. In contrast, random interventions throughout the game yield a mere 7.5 percentage point boost.

The analysis employed a system that intervened only if the suggested move significantly enhanced winning chances compared to the player’s original choice. The thresholds for cheating became more stringent as gameplay progressed. “Initial acts of cheating are somewhat lenient; however, scaling up your cheating necessitates a marginally greater advantage,” Kellen points out.

Such tactics create a “camouflage measure,” according to Kellen, which enables cheaters to evade detection by the automated systems employed by online chess platforms. These systems may mistake a remarkably effective move as an exceptional human insight rather than a product of computer assistance.

“Proving selective cheating through manual analysis poses significant challenges, as a single strategic hint from an engine can determine the outcome of a game,” emphasizes Kellen. Kim Shu from the University of Mainz in Germany finds this research compelling.

Kellen clarifies that his work does not aim to facilitate cheating but rather to assist chess platforms in recognizing the threats posed by subtle cheating methods. “Understanding your adversary is crucial,” he concludes.

As online chess gains popularity, the community must intensify its efforts to uncover cheating instances, notes Shu. “An effective anti-cheating strategy demands a multifaceted approach,” he advises, suggesting the analysis of behavioral patterns, move timings, and comprehensive histories of online chess accounts.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

2-Million-Year-Old Skeleton Offers Unprecedented Insights into Homo habilis

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A recently unearthed partial skeleton from the Koobifora Formation in northern Kenya provides paleoanthropologists with the most comprehensive insight into Homo habilis—one of the earliest human ancestors. This specimen highlights the significant physical differences between Homo habilis and later humans like Homo erectus.

Facial reconstruction of Homo habilis. Image credit: Cicero Moraes.

This newly discovered partial skeleton, cataloged as KNM-ER 64061, represents the most complete remains of Homo habilis to date.

Dating back approximately 2 million years, this fossil was found in the Upper Burgi Formation of the Koobi Formation near Illeret, Kenya.

The specimen was discovered alongside KNM-ER 64060, which consists of a nearly complete set of teeth and jaw fragments attributed to Homo habilis.

Geological, taphonomic, and geochemical analyses suggest that the teeth and postcranial bones likely belonged to the same individual.

Researchers refer to these finds as a “possible fourth individual” of Homo habilis, marking a rare combination of diagnostic tooth remains and associated postcranial bones preserved in the early Pleistocene fossil record.

“Currently, there are only three other fragmentary and incomplete skeletons known of this significant species,” stated Professor Fred Grein from Stony Brook University.

The KNM-ER 64061 skeleton includes the humerus, both the radius and ulna, parts of the shoulder girdle, and pelvic and sacral fragments, among other elements.

Although no leg bones were recovered, the pelvic characteristics suggest that the mechanics of the lower limbs are more akin to later members of Homo than to earlier australopiths.

Interestingly, the upper limbs indicate a more primitive adaptation. The forearm is relatively long compared to the upper arm, a pattern identified as high brachial index, suggesting that Homo habilis is closer to early humans than to Homo erectus.

The arm bones exhibit unusually thick cortical bones, a trait reminiscent of australopiths and other early Homo fossils.

Based on the length of the humerus, scientists estimate that this individual stood around 1.6 meters tall.

The estimated weight ranges from 30.7 to 32.7 kg, significantly lighter than other known Homo habilis specimens and smaller in comparison to estimates for Homo erectus.

“The upper limbs of Homo habilis are notably more pronounced, indicating that KNM-ER 64061 possessed longer and stronger arms,” remarked Dr. Ashley Hammond from the American Museum of Natural History, the Miquel Crusafont Catalan Institute of Paleontology, and the Avanta Catalunya de Recerca Institute.

“However, the dimensions and proportions of the lower limbs remain elusive.”

“Further discoveries of lower limb fossils from Homo habilis may reshape our understanding of this important species.”

These findings reinforce the view that Homo habilis displayed a mosaic of ancestral and derived traits.

While skeletal features suggest a locomotion style resembling modern humans, the overall body proportions and smaller size imply that this early species had not yet developed the larger, heavier body types seen in later humans.

Between approximately 2.2 million and 1.8 million years ago, multiple hominid species existed in eastern Africa, including Paranthropus boisei, Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, and possibly early Homo erectus.

This new skeleton underscores that Homo habilis occupied a distinct evolutionary niche among these species, both physically and genetically.

“To our knowledge, the Homo habilis partial skeleton exhibits a postcranial anatomy that diverges from other members of our genus, such as Homo rudolfensis, whose characteristics remain largely unidentified,” the authors stated.

Their research paper was published online on January 13, 2026, in Anatomical Records.

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Frederick E. Gline et al. discovered a new partial skeleton of Homo habilis from the Upper Burgi Formation of the Koobi Fora Formation in Illeret, Kenya. Anatomical Records published online on January 13, 2026. doi: 10.1002/ar.70100

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Shows Tyrannosaurus Rex Took Nearly 40 Years to Fully Grow

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A detailed analysis of 17 fossil specimens of tyrannosaurus rex indicates that this iconic dinosaur grew much more slowly than previously believed, reaching an adult weight of approximately 8 tons by around age 40. This challenges earlier assumptions about its life history.

tyrannosaurus rex holotype specimen at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, USA. Image credit: Scott Robert Anselmo / CC BY-SA 3.0.

tyrannosaurus rex is renowned as one of the most iconic non-avian dinosaurs, continually captivating paleontologists and the public alike.

Previous growth studies proposed that this ancient predator could exceed 8 tons within just 20 years and live for nearly 30 years.

Utilizing advanced statistical algorithms, the new research examined bone slices under specialized lighting, uncovering hidden growth rings that previous studies had overlooked.

This analysis not only extended the growing season for tyrannosaurus rex but also suggested that by age 15, some specimens might not be complete individuals of tyrannosaurus rex, but instead could belong to other species or unique variants.

“This is the largest dataset ever collected regarding tyrannosaurus rex,” stated Holly Woodward, a professor at Oklahoma State University.

“Through studying the tree rings preserved in fossilized bones, we reconstructed the growth history of these magnificent creatures year by year.”

Unlike the annual rings found in tree stumps, the cross-sections of tyrannosaurus rex bones only record the final 10 to 20 years of an individual’s life.

“Our innovative statistical approach allowed us to estimate growth trajectories by synthesizing growth records from various samples. We examined every growth stage in greater detail than any prior studies,” explained Dr. Nathan Myhrvold, a mathematician and paleontologist at Intellectual Ventures.

“The resulting compound growth curves provide a more accurate representation of how tyrannosaurus rex matured and evolved in size.”

Rather than competing for dominance into adulthood, tyrannosaurus rex demonstrated a gradual and steadier growth pattern than previously assumed.

“The prolonged growth phase over 40 years likely enabled young tyrannosaurs to occupy various ecological roles within their environment,” said Dr. Jack Horner of Chapman University.

“This may explain how they maintained their status as apex carnivores at the end of the Cretaceous period.”

The team’s findings were published in the online journal Peer J.

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HN Woodward et al. 2026. Long-term growth and the extension of subadult development of the tyrannosaurus rex species complex revealed through expanded histological sampling and statistical modeling. Peer J 14: e20469; doi: 10.7717/peerj.20469

Source: www.sci.news

Congress Approves Funding Bill for U.S. Science Agencies, Defeating Trump’s Proposed Cuts

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Senate has decisively rejected the Trump administration’s proposal to significantly slash funding for federal scientific agencies. On Thursday, the Senate voted 82-15 to allocate billions more to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NASA, and the National Science Foundation (NSF) than what was requested by the president.

This bipartisan minibus budget will fund various agencies focused on science and the environment until September 30. The bill had passed the House last week with an overwhelming vote of 397-28.

Following the Trump administration’s budget suggestions would have resulted in catastrophic cuts: a 57% reduction for the NSF, a 47% cut for NASA’s scientific research division, and a 27% decrease for NOAA, which manages the National Weather Service, as stated by Sen. Patty Murray from Washington. As highlighted in Congressional testimony last summer.

The bill is set to be presented to President Donald Trump for his signature.

Despite an overall reduction in spending, the strong bipartisan support underscores a consensus to either maintain the status quo or implement only modest cuts.

Additionally, the legislation includes significant funding boosts for several scientific programs that the Trump administration eyed for elimination, notably NOAA’s satellite program. It also allocates resources to strengthen the workforce of the National Weather Service, which has seen cuts through layoffs and other measures.

This bipartisan effort was spearheaded by Sen. Susan Collins, R-Maine, and Sen. Murray.

In her remarks on the Senate floor, Collins expressed her strong support for the NSF, which provides nearly a quarter of federal funding for essential scientific research, according to their official site.

“I am delighted that we could restore the funding originally proposed for cuts and also address indirect research funding, a priority for me,” Collins stated.

Indirect research costs cover vital expenses such as equipment, operations, maintenance, accounting, and personnel. Earlier this year, the Trump administration sought to redefine the baseline for these costs, but the current budget prevents such changes.

In an overview of the bill, Murray emphasized a boost of $1.67 billion for NOAA and an additional $5.63 billion for NASA compared to Trump’s requests.

“We have stood firm against Trump’s proposed cuts to scientific research, reducing the NSF’s budget by 57%, halving NASA’s science budget, and devastating NOAA and crucial climate research resources,” she remarked in a Senate floor address on Monday. She stated during her speech.

Murray also stressed, “This legislation reinforces Congress’ authority over significant spending decisions.”

When asked about the president’s potential signature, the White House directed NBC News to a previous statement from the Office of Management and Budget. This statement indicated administration support, highlighting that the bill would contribute to overall spending cuts and assist the nation’s journey toward “energy dominance.”

“If the bill is presented to the president in its current form, senior advisers will likely recommend he sign it into law,” read the statement.

Congress will soon review additional minibus bills covering labor, healthcare, national security, and other critical issues. Lawmakers must finalize spending by January 30, the deadline established following a 43-day government shutdown.

In her remarks on Thursday, Collins reiterated her focus on getting the bill signed into law by the deadline to prevent an “unnecessary and extremely damaging government shutdown.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

How Body Fat Benefits Health in Unexpectedly Complex Ways

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Understanding Body Fat: The Good, The Bad, and The Complex

Dr. Ray Clark & Mervyn Goff/Science Photo Library

Body fat is often misunderstood as merely a passive energy reserve. However, emerging research indicates it plays a crucial role in our overall health, providing insights into its intricate functions.

Fat comes in various forms, including white fat, which stores energy and releases hormones influencing metabolism; brown fat, known for generating heat; and beige fat, which activates thermogenesis under specific conditions. The location of these fats matters significantly. While subcutaneous fat is usually harmless, visceral fat, located deep in the abdomen, is closely linked to inflammation, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

Recent studies further clarify this dynamic, suggesting that adipose tissue is actively involved in regulating blood pressure and managing immune responses in crucial areas of the body.

A study led by Jutta Jarkanen at Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm examined the cellular structure of visceral fat in various abdominal locations. Their findings highlighted that epiploic fat, which envelops the large intestine, is abundant in immune cells and specialized fat cells producing inflammatory proteins tied to immune activation. They discovered that microbial products from the intestines trigger these fat cells to activate nearby immune responses.

“Our research indicates that fat deposits are specialized based on their anatomical position, particularly the fat adjacent to the intestine, which is tailored for immune interactions,” Jarkanen noted.

Although the study included obese participants, everyone has some visceral fat around their intestines, suggesting that epiploic fat fulfills a fundamental role irrespective of body weight.

“The gut continually encounters nutrients, microbial elements, and environmental substances,” Jarkanen explained. “Having adjacent adipose tissue to sense, respond, and manage immune reactions adds an extra layer of defense.”

However, obesity can lead to chronic overactivity in this system. Overeating, excessive consumption of particular foods, and specific bacterial compositions in the gut microbiome can lead to persistent immune signaling in intestinal fats, contributing to low-grade inflammation linked with metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes and obesity.

A follow-up study unveiled yet another surprising function of fat: its role in regulating blood pressure. Marcia Koenen and colleagues at Rockefeller University aimed to understand the connection between obesity, characterized by excessive white fat, and high blood pressure, while noting that brown and beige fats seem to offer protection.

The team investigated perivascular adipose tissue, a beige fat-rich layer encasing blood vessels. In genetically modified mice that lack beige fat, their blood vessels exhibited stiffness and overreacted to daily hormonal signals that constrict arteries, resulting in elevated blood pressure.

The researchers identified that the enzyme QSOX1, secreted by dysfunctional fat cells, caused this adverse effect. Blocking this enzyme prevented vascular damage and normalized blood pressure in the mice, independent of their body weight. “This emphasizes the importance of inter-organ communication in understanding complex diseases such as hypertension,” emphasized Koenen.

“This study sheds light on the often-underestimated roles of brown and beige fat,” noted Christy Townsend from Ohio State University. Though human perivascular adipose tissue is proportionately less substantial than in mice, it remains physiologically relevant. “This research highlights the need for a nuanced understanding of fat’s effect on health beyond overall fat mass and BMI.”

Instead of merely focusing on fat reduction, these findings point towards future therapies aimed at preserving or restoring the advantageous functions of fat by targeting specific fat deposits, enhancing immune-fat communication, and maintaining healthy beige fat activity. However, comprehensive research is necessary before these findings can be applied clinically.

Together, these studies position adipose tissue as an active, functionally diverse system implicated in numerous aspects of human physiology. “When I began working in this field in the late 1990s, the belief was that fat was just a sack of cells storing extra nutrients,” stated Paul Cohen, also from Rockefeller University, who participated in the second study. “These investigations reveal a shift in our understanding of fat as not just a single cell type, but a complex tissue composed of various cell types engaged in diverse processes, extending far beyond simple nutrient storage and mobilization.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Enhancing Lithium-Ion Battery Longevity Through Chemical Modifications

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Lithium-ion Batteries: A Path to Extended Lifespan

Shutterstock/Bokeh Art Photography

Lithium-ion battery technology — Lithium-ion Batteries: A Path to Extended Lifespan

Shutterstock/Bokeh Art Photography

Recent studies suggest that the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries can be extended using standard, cost-effective chemicals.

Lithium-ion batteries feature a porous separator sandwiched between a negative electrode and a positive electrode, immersed in an electrolyte that facilitates the movement of lithium ions during charging and discharging.

At the negative electrode, the electrolyte decomposes to create a thin protective coating that enhances battery stability and longevity.

Wang Chunsheng explains that forming a similar protective layer on the cathode has traditionally been challenging due to differing electrical conditions, which create a reactive environment that causes conventional electrolytes to break down before a stable coating can form, according to researchers from the University of Maryland.

Wang and his team utilized a straightforward reaction from organic chemistry to tackle this issue. This reaction enhances the electrolyte’s electron acceptance, inducing a controlled decomposition process that forms a stable protective coating on the cathode.

“By meticulously controlling the molecular decomposition of the electrolyte, we can precisely dictate the protective layer that forms on the cathode,” states Zhang Xiyue, a postdoctoral researcher in Wang’s group.

This flexibility in chemical reactions allows the resulting cathode-electrolyte layer to be tailored for enhanced protection, which could either provide strong shielding or design for faster electrochemical reactions, optimizing batteries for maximum power or extended life.

“If we can guarantee the formation of the cathode-electrolyte layer, it represents a significant advancement toward achieving longer battery cycles,” asserts Michel Armand from the CIC energiGUNE research center in Spain. Given that Wang and his colleagues modified the battery design using established chemical techniques, this new battery should be both safe and easy to manufacture, according to Armand.

While it remains uncertain exactly how much this innovative approach can extend the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries, further clarity is anticipated as the technology develops.

“This is a relatively simple modification to existing battery technology,” Wang notes. “After thorough safety and long-cycle testing, this approach could indeed reach consumers.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Astrophysicists Discover ‘Little Red Dot’ as Early Universe’s Young Supermassive Black Hole

Posted on January 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Astrophysicists from the University of Copenhagen have discovered that the enigmatic “little red dots” visible in images of the early universe are rapidly growing black holes shrouded in ionized gas. This groundbreaking finding offers significant insights into the formation of supermassive black holes after the Big Bang.

The small red dot is a young supermassive black hole encased in a dense ionized cocoon. Image credits: NASA / ESA / CSA / Webb / Rusakov et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09900-4.

Since the launch of the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope in 2021, astronomers globally have been studying the red spots that appear in regions of the sky corresponding to the universe just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.

Initial interpretations ranged from unusually massive early galaxies to unique astrophysical phenomena that challenged existing formation models.

However, after two years of extensive analysis, Professor Darach Watson and his team from the University of Copenhagen have confirmed that these points represent young black holes surrounded by a thick cocoon of ionized gas.

As these black holes consume surrounding matter, the resulting heat emits powerful radiation that penetrates the gas, creating a striking red glow captured by Webb’s advanced infrared camera.

“The little red dot is a young black hole, approximately 100 times less massive than previously estimated, encased in a gas cocoon and actively consuming gas to expand,” stated Professor Watson.

“This process generates substantial heat, illuminating the cocoon.”

“The radiation that filters through the cocoon provides these tiny red dots with their distinctive color.”

“These black holes are significantly smaller than previously thought, so there’s no need to introduce entirely new phenomena to explain them.”

Despite being the smallest black holes ever detected, these objects still weigh up to 10 million times more than the Sun and measure millions of kilometers in diameter, shedding light on how black holes accelerated their growth during the early universe.

Black holes typically operate inefficiently, as only a small fraction of the gas they attract crosses the event horizon. Much is blown back into space as high-energy outflows.

However, during this early phase, the surrounding gas cocoon serves as both a fuel source and a spotlight, enabling astronomers to observe a black hole in intense growth like never before.

This discovery is crucial for understanding how supermassive black holes, such as the one at the center of the Milky Way, grew so quickly in the universe’s first billion years.

“We observed a young black hole in a growth spurt at a stage never documented before,” Professor Watson remarked.

“The gas-dense cocoon around them supplies the rapid growth fuel they require.”

For more details, see the findings featured in this week’s edition of Nature.

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V. Rusakov et al. 2026. A small red dot like a young supermassive black hole inside a dense ionized cocoon. Nature 649, 574-579; doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09900-4

Source: www.sci.news

Fossils Unravel the Dietary Secrets of One of History’s Strangest Animals

Posted on January 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

*Hallucigenia*: One of the Strangest Animals of All Time

Credit: Alamy

Hallucigenia: One of the Strangest Animals of All Time — *Hallucigenia*: One of the Strangest Animals of All Time

Credit: Alamy

Among the most peculiar creatures ever to roam the Earth is Hallucigenia, a scavenger that thrived on the carcasses of Kushi jelly. Recent studies have reinvigorated our understanding of this enigmatic organism first discovered in the 1970s.

Hallucigenia measured approximately 5 cm in length and boasted an insect-like body with multiple legs and lengthy, sharp spines along its back. Its unusual morphology led paleontologists to initially reconstruct it upside down, mistaking its vertebrae for legs.

This unique creature inhabited the deep sea during the Cambrian period, roughly 539 to 487 million years ago, when various major animal groups emerged. Hallucigenia was first identified in the Burgess Shale formation in British Columbia, Canada. It shares evolutionary ties with velvet worms, tardigrades, and arthropods, a group that includes insects and spiders.

Despite the wealth of fossils, much about the lifestyle of ancient creatures such as Hallucigenia remains a mystery. For instance, researchers have yet to determine what they fed on, as existing fossils have not preserved intestinal contents.

Harvard University’s Javier Ortega Hernandez has conducted a thorough investigation of the Burgess Shale fossils. He revisited the original description of Hallucigenia in 1977, which had not been revisited until now.

Among the findings was a fragment of a severely damaged, soft-bodied gelatinous organism measuring 3.5 cm by 1.9 cm, which Ortega Hernández identified as a comb jelly (ctenophore).

He proposed that the spines attributed to Hallucigenia represent a group of seven individuals that voraciously fed on a dead Kushi jelly, which had drifted to the ocean floor. This event likely involved suction feeding, as they were all eventually enveloped in sediment and transformed into fossils.

Ortega Hernández opted against interviews for New Scientist since this research is currently pending peer review.

“This represents a fascinating ecological interaction,” remarks paleontologist Alison Daly from the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, referring to these findings as “snapshots” that capture fleeting moments in the fossil record, lasting perhaps only a few minutes or hours.

As noted by Daly, Hallucigenia thrived in the nutrient-poor depths of the ocean, so it’s plausible that these creatures survived by rapidly locating and consuming abundant food sources like deceased Kushi jelly. “Suction feeding is highly effective for soft-bodied organisms,” she comments.

However, Jean-Bernard Caron of the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto expresses some skepticism. The fact that fossils of ctenophores were found in proximity to Hallucigenia does not definitively indicate interaction, he suggests, as an underwater landslide could have transported them to the same resting place.

Furthermore, Caron proposes an alternative interpretation: the discovered fossils may simply be detached spines, indicating that these creatures may have shed their skin as they grew.

Dinosaur Hunting in Mongolia’s Gobi Desert

Embark on an exhilarating expedition to uncover dinosaur remains in the vast wilderness of the Gobi Desert, one of the world’s premier paleontology hotspots.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Distant ‘Little Red Dot’ Galaxy: Possible Discovery of a Baby Black Hole

Posted on January 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exploring ‘Small Red Dots’ Unveiled by the James Webb Space Telescope

Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, and D. Kocevski (Colby U.)/Space Telescope Science Institute Public Extension Office

James Webb Space Telescope red galaxy discovery — Exploring ‘Small Red Dots’ Unveiled by the James Webb Space Telescope

Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, and D. Kocevski (Colby U.)/Space Telescope Science Institute Public Extension Office

The remarkable bright galaxies uncovered by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) may not be as brilliant as initially thought. These celestial bodies once posed a challenge to our cosmic understanding, implying they were home to supermassive black holes and an unexpected abundance of stars. However, new insights suggest these galaxies may harbor “baby” black holes.

During its initial years surveying the early Universe, JWST serendipitously discovered numerous bright and red galaxies, referred to as “little red dots” (LRDs).

The light emitted by these galaxies indicates the presence of far more mass than previously recognized in any other galaxy. They exhibit star densities that challenge existing models or host black holes larger than expected considering the size of their parent galaxies.

Both scenarios would necessitate a substantial overhaul of our galaxy formation and black hole growth theories in the early Universe.

Initial assumptions posited that the red hue of LRDs was due to copious dust surrounding the black holes or stars. This notion has come under scrutiny, as researchers find little evidence of dust in these extraordinary galaxies.

Jenny Green, a researcher at Princeton University, posits that this discovery warrants a reevaluation of LRD characteristics. “We were confident that if red coloration was due to dust, we’d detect dust emissions. However, we found none,” Green stated. “This suggests our initial assumption about their dust content was flawed.”

Previous analyses gauged the total brightness of the LRDs by assessing specific wavelengths of light linked to hydrogen, calibrated against a model of how dust impacts this light.

In their recent study, Green and her team measured the total light output from two LRD galaxies across various light frequencies, including X-rays and infrared. They discovered that, except for visible light, these galaxies emitted significantly less light than the typical galaxy—implying that LRDs are at least ten times dimmer than earlier estimates. This revelation holds critical implications for the nature of black holes within LRDs.

“If the emitted light is substantially less than we’ve believed, the mass of the black holes is likely much more modest,” Green remarked. “This reduces the tensions that have perplexed us since the black holes no longer need to be exceedingly massive or possess substantial mass initially.”

The new emission patterns imply the black holes may harbor less mass compared to standard black holes. Rohan Naidu from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology describes them as “baby black holes.” He further noted these findings align with the emerging perspective that LRD black holes could be categorized as black hole stars—a unique type of black hole encased in gas.

“In a typical black hole, what we observe is merely a fraction of the total energy emitted by the system. However, we should reconsider the little red dots as bulging black hole stars,” Naidu explained. “Most of their energy appears to be emitted at wavelengths we can detect, suggesting that what we see accurately reflects their output.”

Conversely, Roberto Maiorino from the University of Cambridge emphasizes that one cannot definitively ascertain the black hole’s mass within an LRD, as the emitted light reveals its growth rate rather than its total mass.

Green asserts that the notion of baby black holes holds merit. “If the photon count is significantly lower,” she noted, “this indicates a downward shift in the entire mass scale. On average, they possess lesser masses than previously assumed when we incorrectly categorized them as regular accreting black holes enshrouded in dust.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

6 Expert Tips from a Pediatrician to Foster a Healthy Relationship with Food in Your Child

Posted on January 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Parents Can Foster Healthy Eating Habits in Children

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Explore the latest science news and in-depth articles on technology, health, and the environment on our site and magazine. — Parents Can Foster Healthy Eating Habits in Children

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Nancy Bostock, a pediatrician at Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, is deeply concerned about the conflicting messages regarding food that children and parents receive. With her expertise in children’s weight management and mental health, she has co-led the creation of innovative food strategies. For more information, visit Cambridge Children’s Hospital.

“I worry that parents may feel overwhelmed by advice from various sources, leading them to adopt practices that might not serve their children’s best interests,” Bostock explains. In her interview with New Scientist, she shares six straightforward, science-based strategies to help children cultivate a healthy relationship with food.

1. Emphasize the Social and Emotional Dimensions of Eating

Eating, parenting, and anxiety are intertwined. This can manifest early in life. Some families experience food insecurity shortly after the birth of a child, pressuring parents to breastfeed. While breastfeeding is undoubtedly beneficial, it is also crucial for the mother’s mental health. Common early-life challenges such as hypoglycemia and jaundice can induce parental guilt over inadequate nourishment.

This stress often leads parents to excessively monitor their children’s eating habits, overshadowing the fundamental relationship between children and food. Remember, most children will eat when hungry and drink when thirsty.

Many parents fret about whether their children drink enough water. However, as long as your child is thriving, there’s no need to constantly check their hydration levels. Trust your child’s instincts.

Additionally, consider the social dynamics of family meals. Reflect on mealtime experiences: do you all eat together? Are meals enjoyable and relaxed? Foster a positive and communal atmosphere surrounding food.

2. Avoid Saying, “I Can’t Eat the Dessert Until I Finish My Dinner.”

Allowing children to regulate their own appetite fosters healthier eating habits as they grow. Minimize parental interference: promote that food is a source of nourishment and energy, and let your child understand their bodily needs.

Statements like “you can’t have dessert until finishing dinner” can lead to unhealthy binge eating. If dessert is always sweet and rich, children might favor less nutritious foods over time, sending a negative message about enjoying food. Instead, serve dinner followed by fruit if desired.

3. Refrain from Imposing Unnecessary Dietary Restrictions

Amidst abundant dietary advice, parents often seek guidance from nutritionists or behavioral specialists to manage children’s eating habits. However, many recommendations to restrict particular foods lack medical foundation. For instance, enforcing a gluten-free diet without celiac disease could have negative effects, including fiber loss and nutrient deficiencies.

Moreover, outright banning certain foods can create a perception of them being “unsafe.” Research suggests that a healthier approach is to prioritize the intake of nutrient-rich foods—fiber, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains—over eliminating food groups.

4. Prevent Children from Using Food for Manipulation

Parents often worry about their children’s eating habits or how their behavior might change if they don’t eat enough. Kids quickly pick up on their parents’ concerns and may manipulate situations with food. Phrases like “If I don’t have ice cream right now, I’ll be sad” can escalate the situation and, if parents give in, this only reinforces bad behavior. Instead, communicate that eating is for energy and health, not a bargaining tool. Offer choices without pressure, like fruit or yogurt if they don’t want the main meal.

5. Recognize That Likes and Dislikes Are Normal

It’s normal for children to become picky eaters as they develop. Research shows that a significant percentage of preschoolers exhibit selective eating behaviors. This phase helps children differentiate safe from unsafe foods. Rather than imposing restrictions, present new foods without pressure; studies suggest children typically need about 15 positive exposures to a new food before accepting it.

While it’s essential to avoid foods known to cause allergies, continued exposure to a range of foods is crucial for health, environmental sustainability, and diverse life experiences. Offer variety and understand that tolerance can precede acceptance.

6. Reflect on Your Own Eating Behaviors

Children mirror their parents’ attitudes and beliefs about food. It’s vital to model healthy perspectives. If you express negativity about your body or weight, children may internalize similar thoughts. Evidence shows kids often adopt their parents’ biases. Hence, the best way to nurture a positive relationship with food and body image in your child is to cultivate one in yourself.

As narrated by Helen Thomson

If your child’s diet is excessively restricted, or if they are not growing or gaining weight appropriately, please consult a healthcare professional.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Transforming Perspectives: How Non-Human Cultures Influence Our Understanding of Nature

Posted on January 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New Scientist: Explore the latest science news and research articles from expert journalists covering advancements in science, technology, health, and environment.

Over 50 years ago, Jane Goodall amazed the scientific community by discovering that chimpanzees in Tanzania use tools to extract insects from termite mounds—an act previously thought to be exclusive to humans. Her mentor, Louis Leakey, famously remarked, “Now we either need to redefine ‘tool,’ redefine ‘human,’ or accept chimpanzees as humans.”

Today, research supports the notion that a variety of species engage in learning and exhibit cultural behaviors. A recent study published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, co-led by Philippa Brakes, showcases evidence of cultural learning across species, from whales to wallabies.

For many species, sharing culturally transmitted behaviors is crucial for survival, aiding skill development and adaptability in shifting environments. In the realm of conservation, these insights are beginning to transform practices, from species reintroduction to mitigating human-wildlife conflicts over habitat use.

Moreover, the concept of “longevity conservation” is gaining popularity. Research shows that some of the longest-lived animals have developed remarkable genetic adaptations to cope with extended lifespans while serving as custodians of shared ecological knowledge. Older individuals often possess critical information that aids adaptation to environmental changes. For instance, species like Greenland sharks and giant tortoises reveal biochemical strategies for resisting cancer and cellular repair over centuries.

As our understanding expands, we are compelled to rethink what qualifies a site as a ‘World Heritage Site.’ If whales and birds possess cultural traditions, shouldn’t we regard the loss of their songs and foraging methods with as much seriousness as the loss of human monuments? Although this perspective may seem radical, it is indeed worth considering.

Many indigenous communities have long recognized the knowledge-sharing among species. Collaborative relationships, such as those between killer whales and indigenous hunters in Australia, as well as bottlenose dolphins aiding fishermen in Brazil, illustrate the importance of listening to nature.

Understanding the knowledge shared by other animals can inspire us to rethink controversial technologies like “eradication.” Without elder guides to teach young hybrids migration paths and social norms, revived individuals may struggle to survive in current habitats.

Perhaps the most significant challenge posed by a human cross-cultural perspective is the assumption of human exceptionalism. The more we learn about the cultures of other species, the more we recognize that we coexist with a diverse array of beings, each with their own values and emotions.

It took over 50 years for the importance of non-human cultures highlighted in Goodall’s findings to gain traction among conservation groups. As time progresses, we continue to dismantle the myth of human exceptionalism. We do not need to explore distant galaxies to find intelligent, civilized beings; numerous other cultural life forms already share our planet. Embracing this knowledge can drive the transformative changes necessary to fulfill our commitments as guardians of this rich biocultural diversity.

Philippa Brakes is a behavioral ecologist at Massey University in New Zealand. Mark Bekoff is Professor Emeritus at the University of Colorado Boulder.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Major AI Models Can Promote Hazardous Scientific Experiments: Risks and Implications

Posted on January 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Scientific Laboratories: A Potential Hazard

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Researchers caution that the implementation of AI models in scientific laboratories poses risks, potentially leading to dangerous experiments that could result in fires or explosions. While these models offer a convincing semblance of understanding, they might lack essential safety protocols. Recent testing on 19 advanced AI models revealed that all of them are capable of making critical errors.

Although severe accidents in academic laboratories are uncommon, they are not unheard of. Chemist Karen Wetterhahn tragically lost her life in 1997 due to dimethylmercury penetrating her protective gloves. In another incident in 2016, a researcher suffered severe injuries from an explosion; and in 2014, another scientist was partially blinded.

AI models are increasingly being utilized across various industries, including research institutions, for experiment and procedure design. Specialized AI tools have demonstrated success in various scientific sectors, such as biology, meteorology, and mathematics. However, general-purpose models often generate inaccurate responses due to gaps in their data access. While this may be manageable in casual applications like travel planning or cooking, it poses life-threatening risks when devising chemical experiments.

To assess these risks, Zhang Xiangliang, a professor at the University of Notre Dame, developed LabSafety Bench, a testing mechanism that evaluates whether an AI model can recognize potential dangers and adverse outcomes. This includes 765 multiple-choice questions and 404 scenario-based illustrations that highlight safety concerns.

In multiple-choice assessments, some AI models, like Vicuna, scored barely above random guessing, while GPT-4o achieved an 86.55% accuracy rate, and DeepSeek-R1 reached 84.49%. In image-based evaluations, models like InstructBlip-7B demonstrated less than 30% accuracy. The team evaluated 19 state-of-the-art large-scale language models (LLMs) and vision-language models and found that none surpassed a 70% overall accuracy.

Although Zhang expresses optimism about the future of AI in scientific applications, particularly in “self-driving laboratories” where robots operate autonomously, he underscores that these models are not yet equipped to plan experiments effectively. “Currently? In the lab? I don’t think so. These models are primarily trained for general tasks, such as email drafting or paper summarization, excelling in those areas but lacking expertise in laboratory safety,” he states.

An OpenAI representative commented, “We welcome research aimed at making AI safe and reliable in scientific settings, particularly where safety is a concern.” They noted that the recent tests had not included any of their major models. “GPT-5.2 is the most advanced scientific model to date, offering enhanced reasoning, planning, and error detection capabilities to support researchers better while ensuring that human oversight remains paramount for safety-critical decisions.”

Requests for comments from Google, DeepSeek, Meta, Mistral, and Anthropic went unanswered.

Alan Tucker from Brunel University in London asserts that while AI models may prove incredibly useful for aiding human experiment design, their deployment must be approached cautiously. He emphasizes, “It’s evident that new generations of LLMs are being utilized inappropriately because of misplaced trust. Evidence suggests that people may be relying too heavily on AI to perform critical tasks without adequate oversight.”

Craig Malik, a professor at UCLA, shared his recent experience testing an AI model’s response to a hypothetical sulfuric acid spill. The correct procedure—rinsing with water—was contrary to the model’s repeated warnings against it, which instead offered unrelated advice about potential heat buildup. However, he noted that the model’s responses had improved in recent months.

Malik stressed the necessity of fostering robust safety practices among new students due to their inexperience. Yet he remains more optimistic than some peers about the role AI could play in experimental design, stating, “Are they worse than humans? While it’s valid to critique these large-scale models, it’s important to realize they haven’t been tested against a representative human cohort. Some individuals are very cautious, while others are not. It’s conceivable that these models could outperform a percentage of novice graduates or even experienced researchers. Moreover, these models are continuously evolving, indicating that the findings from this paper may be outdated within months.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

NASA Astronaut Exits Space Station Early Over Health Concerns, Resulting in Droplets Falling

Posted on January 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Four astronauts successfully returned to Earth early Thursday morning, concluding an eventful and extraordinary week in space. The crew made an early departure from the International Space Station as a result of medical issues that emerged during their mission.

NASA astronauts Zena Cardman, Mike Finke, Japanese astronaut Kamiya Yui, and Russian cosmonaut Oleg Platonov made a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean near San Diego at 3:41 a.m. ET after an 11-hour journey.

“On behalf of SpaceX and NASA, welcome home, Crew-11,” mission controllers communicated to the astronauts shortly after the Dragon capsule’s touchdown.

This return marks a historic moment, being the first instance in the ISS’s 25-year history where a mission was terminated early due to medical complications.

On Thursday, SpaceX’s Crew Dragon Endeavor spacecraft splashed down in the Pacific Ocean near San Diego, California.
NASA

Out of respect for medical privacy, NASA has not disclosed the identities of the crew members involved or specific details surrounding the medical incident. The situation remains stable and is not deemed an emergency.

NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman stated in a recent press conference that the early return decision was made with an emphasis on precaution.

The medical issue led to the cancellation of a planned spacewalk scheduled for January 8, during which Cardman and Finke were set to perform modifications outside the ISS.

The recovery team approaches the Dragon capsule.
NASA

Prior to leaving the space station, Finke reassured that he and his colleagues were “stable, safe, and well cared for.”

“This decision was made to facilitate proper medical evaluation in a controlled environment with complete diagnostic capabilities,” Finke mentioned in a statement on LinkedIn. “While it’s bittersweet, it’s the right call.”

The astronauts returned in the same SpaceX Dragon capsule that had transported them to the ISS.

The return mission proceeded without incident, with air traffic controllers reporting favorable weather conditions at the landing site off the California coast. The capsule’s drogue and main parachutes deployed successfully just before landing, ensuring a safe splashdown.

NASA’s Crew 11 Endeavor spacecraft during recovery efforts.
NASA

SpaceX recovery teams promptly arrived to assess the capsule and ensure it was safe to open the hatch. Dolphins were also spotted joyfully swimming in the vicinity.

The Crew-11 astronauts spent 165 days aboard the space station. For Cardman and Platonov, this represents their first spaceflight, while Yui has now completed her second journey. Finke has successfully finished four missions in total.

The astronauts were scheduled to stay on the ISS until late February but returned early, leaving only three crew members onboard: NASA’s Chris Williams and Russian cosmonauts Sergei Kud-Sverchkov and Sergei Mikayev.

Inside the International Space Station’s Kibo Experiment Module: NASA astronaut Mike Finke, Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Platonov, NASA astronaut Zena Cardman, and JAXA astronaut Kamiya Yui.
NASA/AP

The next crew rotation for the space station is expected to launch by February 15, but NASA is exploring options for an expedited flight. Nonetheless, Williams is likely to be the only NASA astronaut responsible for U.S. scientific experiments and operations at the station for several weeks to come.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

14,400-Year-Old Woolly Rhinoceros Genome Reveals No Signs of Recent Inbreeding

Posted on January 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Woolly Rhino (Coelodonta antiquitatis) is a fascinating cold-adapted herbivore that went extinct approximately 14,000 years ago. Despite its extinction, little is understood about the factors leading to its population decline. A recent study by scientists from the Center for Paleogenetics and Stockholm University successfully generated a high-coverage genome from one of the last known woolly rhinoceros specimens, recovered from the stomach of a frozen wolf pup in Siberian permafrost. This genomic analysis, when combined with data from two other late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceroses, reveals that the population was stable, lacking any genomic evidence of rapid declines before extinction—contrasting sharply with other endangered and extinct species.

This depiction of a Pleistocene landscape in northern Spain features woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius), equids, woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis), and the European cave lion (Panthera leo spelaea) alongside reindeer carcasses. Image credit: Mauricio Anton.

The woolly rhino, a cold-adapted herbivore, first appeared around 350,000 years ago and thrived across northern Eurasia until its extinction roughly 14,000 years ago.

Its habitat began to contract eastward approximately 35,000 years ago, likely due to adverse environmental conditions in Western Europe.

This species persisted in northeastern Siberia and showcased complex range shifts in response to changing environments until disappearing from the fossil record.

Earlier genomic studies have shown no signs of recent inbreeding in individuals dating back 18,400 and 48,500 years; however, this is the first time an entire genome has been successfully recovered from a specimen so close to the extinction timeline.

“Recovering genomes from individuals that lived just before extinction is challenging but crucial for understanding a species’ decline, which can inform current conservation efforts for endangered species,” stated Dr. Camilo Chacon-Duque, the lead author of the study.

The newly sequenced woolly rhinoceros genome was sourced from muscle tissue found within a permafrost-preserved wolf pup recovered from northeastern Siberia.

Radiocarbon dating indicates that both the wolf and the tissue are about 14,400 years old, making it one of the youngest known woolly rhino remains.

“Sequencing the entire genome of an Ice Age animal found in another animal’s stomach is unprecedented,” Dr. Chacon-Duque commented.

By comparing this genome with two previously published late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceros genomes, researchers assessed genome-wide diversity, inbreeding, genetic load, and population size changes before extinction.

Results indicated a lack of long homozygous segments typically seen in populations experiencing recent inbreeding, suggesting stability in population size just centuries before extinction.

“DNA extraction from such a rare sample was both thrilling and immensely challenging,” said Solveig Gjonsdottir, the lead study author.

Researchers also mapped changes in effective population size and found no decline at the beginning of the Inter-Bolling-Allerod warm period, starting around 14,700 years ago.

The data imply that woolly rhinoceros extinction likely happened rapidly during this climate change period, or over a timeframe that left no detectable genomic evidence.

“Our analysis reveals an unexpectedly stable genetic pattern, showcasing unaltered inbreeding levels over tens of thousands of years prior to the woolly rhino’s extinction,” said co-author Dr. Edana Lord.

“Our findings indicate that woolly rhinos maintained viable populations for 15,000 years following the arrival of the first humans in northeastern Siberia. This suggests that climate warming, rather than human hunting, was the primary driver of their extinction,” co-author Professor Rab Dalen concluded.

For further details, refer to the study results published in Genome Biology and Evolution.

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Solveig M. Gudjonsdottir et al. 2026. Genome reveals no recent inbreeding in endangered woolly rhinoceros sample found in ancient wolf stomach. Genome Biology and Evolution 18 (1): evaf239; doi: 10.1093/gbe/evaf239

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Find Woolly Rhinoceros DNA in Stomach of Mummified Wolf Pup

Posted on January 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Two ancient wolf cubs, discovered buried in the Siberian permafrost over a decade ago, are now shedding new light on their past through rich DNA evidence hidden in their remains.

For the first time, researchers have uncovered a piece of woolly rhino meat—an animal comparable in size to modern white rhinos but with a thick furry coat—preserved in the stomach of one of the wolf puppies. The DNA from this meat and fur has remarkably survived for over 14,000 years under the ice, enabling scientists to sequence the entire genome. They published their findings in the Wednesday Journal “Genome Biology and Evolution”.

“This is the first instance where an entire genome has been reconstructed from an Ice Age animal found within another Ice Age animal,” stated study author Camilo Chacón-Duque, an evolutionary biologist from Uppsala University in Sweden. “The genome quality is exceptional and of high resolution.”

A piece of woolly rhinoceros tissue found in the stomach of a preserved wolf pup in Stockholm in 2020.love darren

The woolly rhinoceros in question went extinct approximately 14,400 years ago, just a few hundred years prior to its disappearance from the fossil record. This gives researchers a unique glimpse into the genome of a species on the brink of extinction.

“This sample represents the youngest woolly rhinoceros ever sequenced, marking the closest proximity of the species to extinction,” Chacon-Duque noted.

Evolutionary biologists have long debated whether it was human hunters or climate change that ultimately led to the woolly rhinoceros’s extinction. New genomic data indicates that the population may have been robust until its sudden decline.

Tumat-1 wolf pup in Vienna in 2018.Miech Germonpre

The first of the two small puppies was discovered by ivory hunters searching for mammoth tusks in Siberia nearly 15 years ago, with the other being found four years later.

These mummified animals, known as the “Tumat pups,” have unexpectedly aided scientists in exploring the fate of another species.

According to the research, both puppies were female and likely littermates, found just six feet apart and sharing several DNA traits, as noted in a study published in Quaternary Research magazine last year.

A section of permafrost where a Tumat wolf pup was discovered near the Russian village of Tumato in 2011. Co-author Sergei Fedorov and his colleagues are in the foreground.Sergey Fedorov

“They died at a young age, around nine weeks,” explained Anne-Catherine Wyborg Runge, co-author of the Quaternary research paper. “At that age, they still had their baby teeth.”

Initial studies suggested that thawing permafrost may have triggered landslides, entombing the wolves in ice and snow, although it’s also possible that the puppies perished due to a collapsing burrow.

“They would have been buried instantly and then frozen for 14,000 years,” noted Runge’s co-author Nathan Wales, a senior archaeology lecturer at the University of York, UK.

Interestingly, the puppies were discovered near where ancient humans hunted woolly mammoths, suggesting they might have been domesticated dogs rather than wild wolves. However, no mammoth DNA was found in the pup’s stomach. Researchers believe one pup’s last meal was woolly rhinoceros meat, while the other had recently eaten a bird, leaving behind rhino meat and some feathers in the permafrost.

Study co-authors Sergei Fedorov and Mikkel Sinding conducted an autopsy in Vienna in 2018 on a Tumat wolf pup whose stomach contained woolly rhinoceros tissue fragments.Miech Germonpre

In a recent study published Wednesday, Chacón-Duque sequenced resilient chunks of meat from the animal’s last meal.

“This piece had remained in the pup’s stomach for years. It’s truly remarkable,” Runge remarked.

Although complete woolly rhinoceros genomes are rare, researchers compared their findings with two other high-quality genomes from rhinos that went extinct approximately 18,000 and 49,000 years ago.

Rab Dalen, co-author of the new study, poses with a woolly rhinoceros horn.Irina Kirilova

Chacón-Duque and team detected no signs of inbreeding or harmful mutations within the population, indicating it was robust.

“They haven’t identified any indicators suggesting population collapse, which is peculiar considering the species went extinct,” noted Wales, an ancient DNA expert not involved in the study.

Several centuries after the woolly rhinoceros roamed these areas, a significant warming phase commenced in the Northern Hemisphere, marking the end of the Ice Age. Study authors believe this newly sequenced DNA supports the hypothesis that climate change contributed to the woolly rhino’s extinction.

J Camilo Chacón Duque, co-author of the groundbreaking study.Natalia Romagosa

Chacón-Duque posits that the rising temperatures likely exert stress on cold-adapted populations, and human expansion could have facilitated the spread of diseases affecting the woolly rhino.

“All these factors likely interacted synergistically, contributing to the species’ ultimate demise,” Chacón-Duque concluded. “Without a doubt, climate change played a significant role.”

Mick Westbury, an associate professor and expert on ancient rhinos from the Technical University of Denmark, agrees with the theory’s plausibility.

However, Westbury points out that rare ancient DNA can pose interpretation challenges and that generational changes can heavily impact a species’ genetics. The woolly rhinoceros may have been at risk even if genetic analyses did not immediately indicate it.

“Sometimes, genomics alone doesn’t provide the complete picture,” Westbury remarked.

Nonetheless, Westbury suggests that these findings could offer vital insights for conservation efforts as human-induced climate change becomes an increasing threat to existing species.

“Our results indicate that the woolly rhino does not appear to be on the brink of extinction,” Westbury noted. “A species may seem genetically viable on the surface but still face vulnerabilities.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Protecting Lives: How Subsidence in River Deltas Increases Flood Risk for Millions

Posted on January 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Thailand’s Chao Phraya River Delta: Rapidly Sinking

Channon Kanjanavasoonthara/Getty Images

The Chao Phraya River Delta, one of the most economically and environmentally vital deltas globally, is sinking at alarming rates, threatening millions with severe flooding. Recent satellite data analysis reveals that subsidence in river deltas is becoming a greater danger to local communities than rising sea levels.

Approximately 500 million people inhabit this delta, including some of the world’s most impoverished communities. This expansive lowland area houses 10 megacities, each boasting populations exceeding 10 million.

Manuchel Shirzai and his team at Virginia Tech researched subsidence rates in 40 global deltas, including the Mekong, Mississippi, Amazon, Zambezi, Yangtze, and Nile rivers.

Shirzaei noted, “As deltas sink, global sea levels are also rising by about 4 millimeters annually, creating a compounded risk of flooding.”

The research utilized data from 2014 to 2023 collected by the European Space Agency’s Sentinel 1 satellite radar, which can detect changes in ground distance with precision up to 0.5 mm. Across the 40 studied deltas, over one-third showed signs of subsidence, with more than half of the area affected in 38 of these regions.

“In numerous cases, land subsidence contributes more to relative sea level rise than the ocean itself,” Shirzaei asserted. “In 18 out of 40 deltas, average subsidence rates surpass sea level rise, with the impacts being significantly pronounced in areas located less than 1 meter above sea level.”

The Chao Phraya Delta, where Bangkok is situated, ranks as the most affected among 40 nations concerning subsidence rates and impacted areas. Here, the average subsidence rate reaches 8 mm per year, which is double the global average for sea level rise, with 94% of the delta sinking at rates above 5 mm per year.

As a result of combined land subsidence and sea level rise, Bangkok and the Chao Phraya Delta confront a formidable projected sea level rise of 12.3 millimeters per year. Other cities like Alexandria in Egypt and Jakarta and Surabaya in Indonesia share similar predicaments of rapid land subsidence.

The researchers analyzed three major anthropogenic pressures: groundwater extraction, sediment alteration, and urban growth to assess their impacts on delta subsidence. Shirzaei explained that upstream dams, levees, and river engineering limit sediment input, which is crucial for delta maintenance, while urban development escalates pressure on delta surfaces and heightens water demand, furthering groundwater depletion.

Among these factors, groundwater extraction poses the most significant impact overall, although specific delta areas may be more influenced by sediment shifts and urbanization, the study found.

Shirzaei emphasized, “It would be misguided for policymakers to concentrate solely on sea level rise due to climate change and overlook local land subsidence. Unlike global sea level rise, human-driven land subsidence can often be tackled locally through groundwater regulation, managed aquifer recharge, and sediment management.”

He also pointed out that water-intensive facilities, such as data centers, may exacerbate this issue. “Our findings reveal that groundwater extraction is a major contributor to accelerated land subsidence in numerous delta regions, which can worsen when such facilities depend on local water sources,” he remarked.

In already vulnerable areas like the Mekong Delta, increasing water demand may hasten land subsidence, jeopardizing drainage, flood protection systems, and the durability of crucial infrastructure. “This doesn’t suggest data centers should be avoided altogether in the delta, but they must prioritize groundwater conservation, minimize overall water use, and take land subsidence into account,” said Shirzaei.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Woolly Rhinoceros Genome Found in Frozen Wolf Pup’s Stomach Meat

Posted on January 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Woolly Rhinoceros: Icon of the Last Ice Age

History Collection / Alamy

Woolly Rhinoceros - an ancient herbivore — Woolly Rhinoceros: Icon of the Last Ice Age

History Collection / Alamy

A recently reconstructed genome from a piece of flesh found in the stomach of a wolf pup, dated to 14,400 years ago, reveals that the woolly rhinoceros was genetically robust despite its close proximity to extinction.

While the exact cause of the young female wolf pup’s death, near present-day Tumato in northern Siberia, remains a mystery, it is believed she and her sister, referred to as Tumat puppies, had recently consumed woolly rhinoceros meat (Coelodonta antiquitatis). Their mother inadvertently caused their burial in permafrost when their burrow collapsed.

The first puppy was discovered on-site in 2011, with the second found in 2015. Examination of one puppy’s stomach contents revealed remnants of woolly rhino meat.

Edana Road, a member of the research team at Stockholm University, remarked that the preserved material resembled “fluffy jerky.”

“It was astonishing to see hair still intact,” Lord commented.

Lord stated that the preservation of the tissue was almost miraculous.

“It’s remarkable that, thousands of years later, we retrieved a beautifully preserved mummified wolf pup, analyzed its stomach contents, and uncovered this woolly rhinoceros tissue, shedding light on a previously different species,” Lord adds.

Tumat Wolf Pup: Evidence of Woolly Rhinoceros Diet

Mietje Germonpre

Lord’s team successfully reconstructed the woolly rhinoceros genome, identifying it as a female with no signs of inbreeding.

This groundbreaking finding is significant because it marks the first time DNA has been recovered from a woolly rhinoceros close to the time of its extinction.

The cause behind the woolly rhinoceros’ extinction remains a topic of debate, encompassing the impacts of human hunting, climate change, and inbreeding.

Another researcher on the team, Darren Love, noted that the sample’s hair was yellowish, leading to initial thoughts that it belonged to a cave lion carcass (Panthera spelaea) until DNA analysis was performed.

“As far as I know, sequencing an entire ancient genome from stomach contents has never been accomplished before,” Darren stated.

The research team compared the new genome with two others from the woolly rhinoceros, dating back 18,000 and 49,000 years, discovering no evolution in genetic diversity or inbreeding levels over time.

“Had populations dwindled, we would expect a drop in genetic diversity among woolly rhinoceroses, alongside an increase in inbreeding,” Darren explained.

The researchers concluded that the most probable driver behind the woolly rhinoceros extinction was a rapid climate shift between 14,700 and 12,900 years ago, during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial, which drastically altered the species’ habitat.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

China’s Ambitious Plan: Why Is the Nation Aiming to Launch 200,000 Satellites?

Posted on January 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Increasing Traffic in Earth’s Orbit

Maciej Florow/Getty Images

Busy Earth Orbit — Increasing Traffic in Earth’s Orbit

Maciej Florow/Getty Images

China has proposed launching nearly 200,000 satellites into Earth orbit, potentially aiming to secure orbital space rather than genuinely establishing the largest satellite constellation.

On December 29, China’s newly formed Radio Technology Innovation Research Institute submitted a proposal for two satellite constellations, CTC-1 and CTC-2, to the Chinese government and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which manages frequency allocations in space.

Each constellation will consist of 96,714 satellites arranged across 3,660 orbits. This starkly contrasts with the current active satellite count of approximately 14,300, of which around 9,400 are SpaceX’s Starlink satellites, providing internet service. SpaceX has also applied to the ITU for a total of 42,000 satellites.

Victoria Samson from the US nonprofit Secure World Foundation indicates that this application might reflect a strategy of land grabbing in space. “They might be preparing for something much larger,” she suggests.

By raising this claim with the ITU, other satellite operators intending to launch in the same orbits must prove that their operations won’t be affected. According to ITU regulations, at least one satellite must be launched within seven years of the initial application, and all proposed satellites must be deployed within another seven-year timeframe.

“If you apply early and meet the deadlines, you can deter others from launching in your designated space,” states Tim Farrar, a US satellite communications expert. He further clarifies that China’s extensive applications for multiple orbits suggest some uncertainty in their constellation plans, giving them flexibility. “There’s almost no penalty for doing it this way.”

However, should this application be legitimate, achieving such a launch scale appears nearly impossible. In 2025, China achieved a record of 92 rocket launches. To deploy 200,000 satellites within seven years would necessitate launching over 500 each week, translating to hundreds or even thousands of launches annually.

This is not the first instance of spatial land grabbing; Rwanda previously applied to the ITU for a constellation of 327,000 satellites in 2021, yet this did not impede the operations of Starlink and other satellite providers. “Operations remain largely unchanged,” remarks Farrar. “It seems doubtful that Rwanda will achieve such a massive number of satellite deployments.”

China’s proposal underscores the intensifying rivalry among mega-constellation players, particularly among space internet companies vying for a market potentially encompassing millions or more, thus influencing global information distribution. Many entities are racing to catch up to SpaceX, including Amazon’s Project Leo (formerly Project Kuiper), which has launched about 200 of its intended 3,236 satellites. Additionally, China’s state-backed constellations, Qianfan and Wang, have launched several hundred of their anticipated thousands.

“Fifteen years ago, the notion of a single constellation hosting 1,000 satellites seemed far-fetched,” states Samson. “Currently, over 9,000 personnel are engaged in Starlink operations.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com