Author Archives: Igor Mitreski

Exploring Brazil’s Extensive Free Milk Bank Network: A Lifesaving Resource

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New Scientist: Top science news and insights, featuring expert journalism on technology, health, and the environment.

At the Fernández Figueira Institute in Rio de Janeiro, breast milk undergoes testing before being delivered to mothers.

Christine Bethge

For new mothers struggling to breastfeed, Brazil offers exceptional support through its milk banking system. Established in the early 20th century, these milk banks collect donated breast milk and distribute it to mothers and infants in need. Originally costly and limited in availability, a transformative redesign in the 1980s by chemist **João Apurigio Guerra de Almeida** revolutionized Brazilian milk banks. By employing cost-effective methods like repurposed food industry hot tubs—significantly cheaper than traditional pasteurizers—and sterilizing reused containers, this approach made breast milk more accessible.

The Brazilian term for innovative problem-solving is Jeitinho, as highlighted by photographer Christine Bethge. Together with journalist Niklas Franzen, she investigated various Brazilian milk banks, including the Fernández Figueira Institute based in Rio de Janeiro.

Today, Brazil’s milk banking network is acclaimed globally for providing the safest and most affordable human milk. With over 200 milk banks serving hundreds of thousands of babies, Brazil holds the record for the highest number of milk banks worldwide. This successful system has played a pivotal role in reducing the under-five mortality rate in Brazil by more than 70% from 1990 to 2015, a noteworthy achievement attributed to its milk bank initiative. Many sources reference this remarkable program.

A courier at the Instituto Fernández Figueira collects breast milk from donors.

Christine Bethge

The success of Brazil’s milk banking system can be attributed to its efficiency and accessibility, allowing women to easily donate and retrieve milk. A network of delivery drivers facilitates this process; one such driver, witnessed delivering on a bicycle in the Flamengo suburb of Rio de Janeiro, exemplifies this commitment. Christine Bethge noted that without the courier service, mothers might hesitate to contribute, emphasizing the importance of this logistical support.

A laboratory assistant checks breast milk for large contaminants like hair or dust particles, an essential step in quality control.

Christine Bethge

The milk bank serves multifaceted purposes, acting as a comprehensive support center for new mothers by collecting, sterilizing, and storing milk, and directly supplying it to premature infants in critical need. Each milk donation undergoes strict inspections for large contaminants before it is pasteurized at 62.5°C for 30 minutes to eliminate any bacteria and ensure safety.

Milk is pasteurized at 62.5°C for 30 minutes to eliminate bacteria.

Christine Bethge

New mothers can also receive valuable assistance from nurses in expressing milk, particularly in premature birth wards. “The couriers play a vital role in this communication, informing mothers about their milk’s journey,” Bethge remarks.

A nurse assists in expressing milk for a mother’s premature twins at the Fernández Figueira Institute.

Christine Bethge

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Source: www.newscientist.com

First Discovery of Ancient Human DNA in Cave Paintings: Insights into Our Ancestry

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Ancient Rock Art Research

Samples Collected from Rock Art in Tiberin, Spain

Avamia Archeos Alberto Martinez Villa

A groundbreaking study conducted in the caves of Spain and Portugal reveals that ancient human DNA can persist for thousands of years on the surfaces of cave walls and rock art. This monumental discovery offers new insights into prehistoric humans and poses intriguing questions about whether Neanderthals engaged in cave painting.

“It’s the beginning of a new era,” says Genevieve von Petzinger, a researcher from the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. “This allows us to potentially connect with the actual artist who created these remarkable works. It’s truly extraordinary.”

From 2022 to 2025, the First Art Project focused on dating the oldest cave paintings, collecting samples from 11 caves across Spain and Portugal featuring rock art. These paintings, believed to be among the earliest known forms, include graphic images such as triangles, dots, and hand stencils executed with red ocher paint. Researchers extracted small shavings of paint and calcite layers formed on cave walls via mineral precipitation.

Given that cave art is typically crafted using tools like fingers or by spitting paint, the researchers aimed to determine if the DNA of the artists had been preserved. While ancient human DNA has been known to exist in cave sediments, its presence on cave walls was previously undocumented.

This changed with the significant discovery of ancient human DNA in red spots that resemble semicolons within Portugal’s Escur Cave.

“It was a pleasant surprise,” notes Alba Bossams Mesa, from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. “This is the first instance of ancient human DNA being identified on a cave wall. However, I cannot definitively conclude that this DNA belongs to the artist.” Bossams-Mesa adds, “It could be from someone who encountered the artwork at a later time, or perhaps even someone who merely sneezed.”

Nevertheless, this opens up exciting possibilities for identifying the creators of the artwork. “It’s as if the cave walls have transformed into the pages of an unfinished book, gradually filled with new discoveries,” states Hipolito Collado Giraldo, an Archaeologist from the government of Extremadura, Spain.

Pigment Samples Collected from Spain’s Altamira Cave Ceiling

Matthias Meyer

Another unexpected finding emerged when researchers sampled a control area of the cave wall devoid of artifacts, where they also discovered ancient human DNA. This genetic material likely originated from prehistoric visitors who touched the walls. “We were genuinely surprised,” says Corrado Giraldo. This suggests that even where cave paintings or archaeological items are absent, cave walls can unveil critical insights about ancient humans who frequented these sites.

Furthermore, the findings indicated that the DNA found on the walls of Escoral Cave came from direct contact with ancient humans, rather than sediment that had settled on the walls. In contrast to mixed animal DNA found in cave sediments, the genetic material on the Escoral walls solely consisted of human DNA.

The ancient DNA also provided intriguing insights into the individuals from whom it originated: three samples were primarily female and one was male. This genetic profile aligns closely with a group historically known as Western hunter-gatherers, dating from approximately 5,200 to 17,000 years ago.

Though the recovered DNA is insufficient for precise dating, it is known that Escoral Cave had been sealed off for the past 4,000 to 5,000 years, indicating the genetic material may be older.

This research marks only the beginning. Earlier this month, First Art researchers, including von Petzinger and Corrado Giraldo, conducted thorough sampling at various other caves in Spain, such as Nerja and Aldales, which are linked to Neanderthal art, although that connection remains contentious. “One question I am eager to explore is whether Neanderthals created art,” remarks Bossams-Mesa.

The potential of extracting ancient DNA from cave walls could revolutionize our understanding of ancient humans and their artistic expressions, asserts Francesco d’Errico from the University of Bordeaux, who was not associated with the study. “Did the artist identify as male, female, or perhaps even an animal? Were the drawings on the same panel crafted by the same individual? Will Neanderthal DNA eventually be discovered in the ancient paintings of the Iberian Peninsula, or does the hand stencil found in Indonesia contain Denisovan DNA? The possibilities are vast.”

However, ancient DNA was discovered in only one of the 24 rock art panels sampled, indicating that preservation may be more of an exception than a standard practice. “Currently, the success rate is quite low,” Bossams-Mesa observes. This may improve as researchers polish their methodologies for extracting minimal quantities of DNA from cave samples.

Corrado Giraldo expresses excitement about uncovering valuable information without the need for excavations, which can be destructive in nature. “Excavation inherently alters parts of the archaeological record,” he explains. “This groundbreaking discovery opens avenues for uncovering and reconstructing entirely new narratives without excavation—narratives that deepen our understanding of past peoples and societies.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Rare Gene Increases Cancer Risk: 100% Chance of Developing Cancer Explained

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Tracy Hutchinson has a rare mutation in the TP53 gene

Tracy Hutchinson

When several family members were diagnosed with cancer simultaneously, I began to suspect a hereditary issue. In 1990, my sister Rebecca and I were both diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia—she was 21, and I was just 14. During her intense chemotherapy treatment, our mother was also diagnosed with breast cancer.

Tragically, Rebecca passed away in 1994, and not long after, my father was diagnosed with colon cancer. As he was receiving treatment, my grandmother was diagnosed with cancer in her other breast, which she survived, only to be later diagnosed with esophageal cancer in 2009. Despite undergoing major surgery, my father’s cancer recurred, and he succumbed to the disease six weeks later.

In 2020, when my other sister was diagnosed with rapidly progressing triple-negative breast cancer, I thought, “Oh my God, something is definitely wrong.” She was tested for the BRCA mutation and results showed no BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Subsequently, she was tested for a rarer mutation in the TP53 gene. This mutation is linked to a significantly heightened cancer risk. Women with this mutation have an almost 100% likelihood of developing some form of cancer during their lifetime. This genetic condition is known as Li-Fraumeni syndrome, which indicates that the TP53 genes, responsible for tumor suppression, are not functioning properly.

When my sister suggested I get tested, I questioned, “What is Li-Fraumeni syndrome?” I had never heard of it before. Discovering my positive test result was emotionally devastating, but I agreed to undergo testing to support my sister during this challenging time.

In 2022, at the age of 47, I received my positive diagnosis. Surprisingly, I felt a sense of comfort knowing that I had answers regarding the struggles my family faced. However, this revelation was deeply personal; for example, my brother opted not to be tested.

After my diagnosis, my life transformed completely. With Li-Fraumeni syndrome, thoughts of cancer are ever-present. Within months of learning my result, I underwent a preventive double mastectomy. Early-stage cancer, specifically ductal carcinoma in situ, was detected in my left breast after the surgery.

Living in Sydney, I enrolled in an Australian clinical trial investigating the use of annual full-body MRIs for early tumor detection in individuals with TP53 mutations or other cancer-associated genes. In 2022, I welcomed my first baby, but during my second year, a 9-millimeter meningioma was discovered—fortunately benign but nonetheless terrifying.

I receive full-body MRIs annually, but my anxiety peaks around July, as I wonder if this will be the year things take a turn for the worse. Participating in this study provides some reassurance, as it aims to catch cancer at an early, treatable stage. My sister, who survived breast cancer, also undergoes yearly MRIs.

In addition to full-body MRIs, I have annual skin exams and blood tests managed by a dermatologist. Bi-yearly endoscopies and colonoscopies are essential; during one procedure, they discovered and removed a polyp in my intestine and atypical cells in my esophagus, which are now closely monitored. I’m vigilant about any irregularities in my body—any sudden shoulder pain sends my anxiety into overdrive.

My geneticist speculated that our mother may have had a spontaneous mutation in the TP53 gene, instead of it being inherited. As neither my sister nor I have children, the risk of passing this mutation on is nonexistent.

My partner has been incredibly supportive. After my diagnosis, he encouraged me to pursue whatever necessary actions I needed to take. When I opted for a double mastectomy without reconstruction, he reassured me, saying my scars tell the story of my journey.

I strive to maintain a positive outlook despite the challenges, aware that everyone faces their own struggles, whether chronic illnesses or hidden mental health battles. For instance, my sister-in-law recently suffered a stroke. We each carry our own burdens, visible or not, and it’s crucial to be compassionate toward one another; life isn’t always picture-perfect.

As told by Alice Klein

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Record-Breaking Heatwave: Europe’s Hottest and Wettest Summer Ever

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Extreme Heat Across Europe

On June 24th, intense heat was felt across much of Europe.

Sylvie Hasson/AFP via Getty Images

This week’s heatwave has been recorded as the hottest and wettest in Europe, potentially leading to thousands of fatalities.

Despite the formation of a “Super El Niño” in the Pacific Ocean, a recent study from the World Weather Attribution Network indicates that this phenomenon has not affected the current heatwave; rather, it is global warming that is to blame.

The research evaluated the average daily maximum temperatures expected from June 26-28 in Western and Central Europe under historical climate conditions from 1976 and 2003.

While low-pressure heat dome weather patterns that trap heat from southern regions are not unusual, the current temperatures are unprecedented. Compared to fifty years ago, a typical June heatwave would be around 3.5°C cooler, with temperature extremes occurring less than once every 10,000 years.

During the day, temperatures have soared, with nighttime temperatures remaining above 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit) in some parts of Spain, and daytime highs reaching up to 44 degrees Celsius (111 degrees Fahrenheit) in certain French towns.

“Without climate change, this event would not have been feasible in June,” stated Theodore Keeping, a professor at Imperial College London, during a media briefing on June 25th. “Absent climate change, three consecutive days of elevated nighttime temperatures throughout the year would not have occurred.”

Humidity levels have also reached alarming highs, surpassing 50% in many UK cities. Dewpoint temperatures are now in the low 20s, starkly contrasting with the single-digit dewpoints seen during the record-breaking July 2022 heatwave.

Wet bulb temperatures, which assess air temperature along with humidity, heat radiation, and airflow, are breaking records or are expected to do so in nearly half of Europe’s cities, according to research.

This increase in humidity elevates health risks by hindering evaporation and reducing sweating efficiency. Vulnerable populations, including the elderly, individuals with chronic conditions, immigrants, and the homeless, face heightened risks.

“What we clearly observe is the unequal impacts of this heatwave, which highlight the disparities exacerbated by climate change,” said Friederike Otto, also from Imperial College London. “It’s the most vulnerable individuals who are most likely to suffer severe consequences.”

Although it’s premature to assess excess mortality, past research revealed that a minor heatwave in June and July 2025 resulted in 2,300 deaths across London and eleven other European cities.

“The health repercussions of this heatwave are likely to be substantial across large portions of northern and central Europe,” added Keeping.

Without rapid reductions in fossil fuel emissions, researchers warn that heatwaves will only become more frequent and extreme. Europe, currently the fastest-warming continent, has an aging urban populace residing in cities unprepared for such extreme heat events. In the UK, only 5% of homes are equipped with air conditioning.

To combat this, Europe should invest in not only air conditioning but also passive cooling solutions like enhanced insulation and ventilation in buildings, green roofs, and tree-lined streets. Carolina Pereira Marguidan of the Red Cross Climate Center emphasized that heat protection measures must extend to often-overlooked groups like individuals with mental health conditions and pregnant women.

“While Europe has established heat response plans, research indicates that they may not encompass all potentially vulnerable demographics,” she elaborated.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring Quantum Mechanics: How Video Games Enhance Our Understanding

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Quantris game depiction

Experience the Quantum Twist with Quantris

credit: Quantum Native

Blocks keep falling in Quantris, a quantum twist on the classic game Tetris. A pale yellow square awkwardly lands atop a green block shaped like the letter “Z”. There’s a unique block nearby, bordered in white, seemingly enclosing empty space—a representation of a quantum state of superposition. Observing it changes everything. Confirm your existence: a small black square with an eye symbol falls, flashes into existence, and your block tower perilously approaches the ceiling. Did the block vanish due to observation? No luck here! In Quantris, the quantum version of Tetris, one realization becomes clear: even quantum mechanics can’t save me from my gaming skills.

Though I’m new to quantum video games, their history runs deep. References to quantum physics appeared in video games back in the 1980s. However, the surge in quantum games truly took off when quantum computing became accessible via the cloud in 2016. The rising adoption of tools like IBM’s quantum software development kit has further fueled innovation. Laura Pispanen, a researcher at Aalto University, estimates there are nearly 400 quantum games today, many born from the weekend Quantum Game Jam events since 2014.

Among her favorites is Cubit the Barbarian, reminiscent of classic sword and sorcery themes. This game lets players navigate a maze through tiles that represent different quantum states, enabling them to exploit quantum mechanics and interact with the environment in fascinating ways. By measuring quantum states, players can transform the maze, discovering new paths or erecting barriers.

A dedicated community of researchers and gamers believes in the future of quantum video games. The convergence of untested tech, counterintuitive physics, and the timeless joy of gaming creates a unique landscape. What advancements will we see from quantum computing in gaming? How can games leverage the power of quantum mechanics?

It’s essential to clarify that we’re not discussing games playable directly on quantum computers. While these devices are rapidly advancing, they remain largely experimental. They’ve only recently gained enough computational power and reliability for specific scientific problem-solving. However, they are not all-purpose machines yet—likely suitable for only select tasks, and real-time video game execution remains untested.

Despite this, quantum hardware is making inroads into game development. Released this year, Quantum Backroom is a horror game that utilizes an IBM quantum computer for level generation. This eerie journey through liminal spaces reflects the unsettling nature of its internet phenomenon origins. James Wootton from Moth Quantum notes each room mirrors a quantum state of the computer, creating a visceral link to quantum technology.

Explore Quantum Backrooms

credit: Moth

Curious if these innovations will become mainstream, Julian Togelius from New York University, who studies creativity in video games and AI, believes that quantum computing could revolutionize game development. Quantum technology could connect in-game worlds more realistically, tackling the challenging mathematical problems that currently limit game design. However, he warns that this remains a complex challenge due to the limitations of quantum hardware.

In Quantum Backroom, the quantum elements impact game development rather than gameplay—it’s after the quantum computer powers off that gameplay is handled by classical systems. While Wootton successfully created a quantum version of rock-paper-scissors in 2017, many quantum games still run on classical simulators due to hardware limitations.

“At present, all my games are running on simulators. The hardware isn’t quite ready,” reflects Chris Cantwell, creator of Quantum Chess and other titles. In 2020, a Google quantum computer tested Quantum Chess, but it required extensive recoding. The essence of adapting games to quantum mechanics involves integrating quantum features into gameplay, essential for benchmarking quantum computer performance. Evert van Nieuwenburg at Leiden University has developed Quantum TiqTaqToe, a quantum version of Tic-Tac-Toe.

Bringing Quantum Concepts to the Living Room

Many quantum games incorporate real quantum phenomena, like superposition and entanglement, into familiar gameplay mechanics. In Quantum Chess, for example, two pieces can coexist on the same square. Van Nieuwenburg emphasizes that players don’t require in-depth knowledge of these concepts; engaging with them naturally builds understanding.

Quantum physics is often counterintuitive, as it usually applies to tiny particles or extreme temperatures. However, games offer a unique opportunity to interact with these principles. “At a recent science night, I observed kids playing Tic-Tac-Toe. They may not have understood the mechanics initially, but one kid excitedly exclaimed, ‘Oh, now you’ve got me involved!'” Van Nieuwenburg reminisces. Children quickly adapt to new concepts, including jargon from quantum physics textbooks. “Quantum Chess” enhances traditional chess, providing players additional pieces, and interestingly, children might not grasp the quantum aspects yet. However, they engage in genuine quantum phenomena, hinting at a future where they could become quantum-native developers.

Quantum Chess: A Leap Ahead of Traditional Games?

credit: Shotshop GmbH/Alamy

Reflecting on my younger brother—who found little interest in physics but was absorbed in his console games—I ponder whether he could excel in quantum challenges if the stakes involved gaming. Spiros Michalakis from Caltech, who engages in games like Quantris and Quantum Chess, emphasizes the outreach potential of quantum gaming. His journey began in 2014 with quantum adaptations in Minecraft, leading to a new research field focused on creating games that are not only playable but engaging, where participants leverage new game mechanics for strategic advantages.

The challenge often lies in creating engaging gameplay using quantum features, depending less on the complexity of quantum mechanics and more on the allure of smart mechanics. “Creating a game is easy; making one popular is where the real challenge lies,” Togelius points out, along with skepticism about quantum computing becoming the next gaming revolution.

This dilemma resonates with broader quantum computing challenges, focusing on applying unique quantum operations to achieve previously unattainable outcomes. While daunting, the intersection of gaming and quantum innovation offers promising avenues for exploration.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New Scientist Book Club: Inspiring Science Fiction Inspired by a World-Ending Supernova

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A Supernova Threatens Civilization in Claire North’s ‘Slow Gods’

Shutterstock/Martin Capek

In my venture to craft a gripping space opera, I envisioned starting with the explosive narrative of a supernova. Nothing rivals its awe-inspiring enormity and destructive prowess. However, supernovas are not just cataclysmic events; they are also predictable. As a writer, this presents a captivating scenario. What does it mean to gaze at the cosmos, fully aware of when a star—and your world—will meet its end? What decisions will emerge, and what sacrifices will unfold to preserve your existence or that of your civilization?

This is the essence of slow gods.

Imagine yourself as an astronomer, chronicling the stars whose impending explosion will annihilate your world. For eons, the incoming supernova has been an accepted truth, yet your society turns a blind eye. “In about 500 years… let’s radically transform our society to safeguard billions.” Convincing anyone is daunting. While everyone nods in agreement, it always seems an issue for the distant future.

But the situation escalates. Suddenly, thousands of years shrink into centuries—then decades. Time slips away. Perhaps, while cradling your newborn grandchild, you comprehend the grim truth: you know precisely how and when this child will perish. Will they succumb to boiling seas, flames igniting the atmosphere, or suffer a slow demise from radiation? Your previous gradual improvements—a distant colony, a space elevator? Insufficient. The moment has arrived to fundamentally rethink how your society can salvage what remains.

You must act quickly. You have a century to rescue 5 billion souls before Earth incinerates. Building colossal space elevators and motherships may allow for the evacuation of around 50 million people annually. (You will choose to overlook the lurking terrors in the void—entities that induce madness, manipulate biology, or consume entire ships whole. After all, such horrors defy understanding.)

In a century, you could manage to evacuate everyone in a crisis, yet complexities remain. The birthrate surpasses evacuation rates, resulting in a growing population. Is it wise to consider limiting the birth rate? Not really. A century of silence on this front could spell the end of civilization as dramatically as any inferno. Life must continue, even if every child saved hastens another’s demise.

Perhaps selecting who to evacuate weighs on you. Will you benefit the educated, the influential, the notable? Does this decision imply that the disabled, vulnerable, and marginalized will be left behind? This leads to genocide by omission—an insidious form of eugenics—are you complicit?

Alternately, a lottery system might offer a semblance of fairness. Although individuals detest feeling powerless, this might seem equitable enough. You yearn for your number to be selected, but with each passing year, that hope diminishes. When people anticipate that you will quietly fade away, it might simply be due to unfortunate circumstances.

Even if you escape, where will you land? Some worlds may outright reject newcomers, casting millions into eternal darkness. Others may offer refuge but only accept a few hundred thousand at most, forcing you into desolate areas unsuited to your biology. Your species could become scattered, living in tiny enclaves among the stars, drifting away from your traditions, languages, and thought processes. Though lives are saved, the essence of civilization is lost. Historians may argue over what songs and stories define you. You watch your culture become a curated display, your history auctioned to the highest bidder, realizing that what is showcased encompasses only a fragment of your identity.

However, this is merely one narrative among many in the galaxy—this is the tale of slow gods.

Perhaps you underestimated the crisis and thought, “Someone will handle it,” as if the threat of a supernova could be disregarded. Now, with fewer than ten years until the oceans churn and boil, billions face inevitable demise. The affluent escape, but they still rely on others for sustenance, depending on desperate souls willing to do anything to survive.

As you gaze at the gunship, you look beyond to other vulnerable worlds beyond the imminent explosion zone. You might choose to save your child, even at the cost of another’s life. Faced with annihilation or perpetual conflict, choosing between these extremes becomes overwhelmingly difficult.

Discover Claire North’s Slow Gods (Orbit), the New Scientist Book Club’s selection for July. Sign up here. Join the discussion on our Discord channel here.

Purchases made via links on this page may earn us a commission.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover an Exclusive Excerpt from ‘Slow Gods’ by Claire North in the New Scientist Book Club

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Cover of 'Slow Gods' by Claire North

Slow Gods by Claire North: July’s Pick for the New Scientist Book Club

Welcome to the captivating world of *Slow Gods*, where the cosmic supernova Lonoha unfolds a tale of destruction and divine encounters, challenging perceptions of godliness itself.

Before diving into this epic saga, let me take you back to the origins of my existence—a journey that starts in Glastia Row centuries ago.

Initially known as a landing zone on the planet Tumdo, Glastia Law transformed from a mere outpost into a thriving urban environment.

With optimal conditions for terraforming, including balanced gravity and adequate water supply, Tumdo quickly evolved to support human life. Early settlers thrived without the lengthy wait in Arcology, and within generations, breathed freely. Fast forward two millennia, and Glastir Row became a bustling borough within Heom, the heart of innovation in the interplanetary United Social Venture.

It is often said that one can gauge a venture’s character by the names given to its members’ offspring.

For example, in Antequeda, the venture that governed my home, the most popular middle names included:

Chairman – 15%

Entrepreneur – 10%

Director – 9%

Abundance – 5%

Diligence – 4%

In contrast, Theymann, a venture focused on deep space habitation, favored names linked to exploration, while Halsect nostalgically embraced “Aspiring” as a middle name.

Reflecting my parents’ ambition tempered by realism, I was named Maukana “Respected” Na Vdnadze—a reminder to my neighbors of my respectability, even if I never soared to greatness.

Things, however, did not go as planned.

Upon my birth, I emitted what some described as “unholy” cries; a term still debated. My loudest wails may have followed the embedding of a chint on my bicep—a tangible reminder of my debt to Antequeda for the hefty cost of my birth and subsequent needs.

Before I even held my mother’s embrace, I was marked with a financial obligation of 2,273 glints, a weight only lifted to a manageable 700 glints thanks to my parents’ careful planning.

As a welcome gift, Antequeda bestowed upon me 50 shares, marking my citizenry in this venture. However, as I turned 15, my educational debts ballooned to over 92,000 glints, introducing the harsh realities of our system.

We were informed that our struggles were justified within the framework of fairness—a principle echoed throughout the United Social Venture’s beliefs.

In our striving society, every individual was seen as equal, their ascendance determined by effort.

This ethos of ‘sparkle’ characterized our lives and status.

Unfortunately, my family did not shine brightly. My parents operated a small eatery offering cold dumplings to busy professionals. Despite their attempts to better our situation through courses and networking, the smell of our less-than-luxurious kitchen clung to us.

During my childhood, spanning ages 7 to 11, I clung to the hope of receiving a “tip” in my brief stint as a waiter. But by 12, reality dawned—the future seemed bleak.

Trouble was brewing among my peers, many dropping out to engage in the grim labor essential to all ventures. Those remaining prepared for a world filled with petty rivalries and ruthless competition.

Economic observers noted a disturbing trend: the of lack education among residents in Schein, contrasting with other global circular economies prioritizing education and curiosity.

Alas, curiosity is often the first trait leaders in the ‘Shine’ strive to suppress.

This excerpt is from Slow Gods by Claire North (Orbit), a selection from the New Scientist Book Club’s picks for July. Join the book club discussion on Discord here.

Note: Purchases made through the links on this page may earn us a commission.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Quick Stress Relief Techniques for Instant Calm: Discover Effective Methods

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Emotional release techniques, commonly known as EFT or “tapping,” are innovative therapeutic methods that involve tapping specific energy points on the face, hands, and upper body while concentrating on distressing thoughts and emotions.

This practice aims to release “blocked energy,” providing relief from anxiety, stress, and physical tension.

The most widely accepted scientific explanation is that tapping sends calming signals to the amygdala, the brain’s fear center. By physically stimulating these pressure points while mentally processing stressors, you work to rewire your brain’s responses.

Essentially, you are teaching your nervous system that it’s safe to confront these issues without triggering a fight-or-flight response.

Is it somewhat unconventional? Perhaps. However, many users report feeling calmer, lighter, and more in control of their emotions after just a few minutes of tapping.

Various techniques can effectively combat stress, including EFT, breathing exercises, and physical activity. – Credit: Getty

Research remains cautiously optimistic about EFT’s benefits. Some studies suggest that EFT reduces anxiety and stress and potentially lowers cortisol levels. However, these studies often have limitations.

Sample sizes tend to be small, and results often rely on self-reported improvements. The true benefits might stem from simply taking a break, focusing on your breath, and redirecting your attention.

So, is it all nonsense? I won’t dismiss it entirely.

EFT is generally safe to explore and requires minimal investment. Many users find it particularly beneficial when used alongside established methods like mindfulness and cognitive behavioral therapy.

It’s an accessible, cost-free tool that empowers you to take control of your emotional well-being.

Tapping may not resolve everything, but it can certainly provide some relief during moments of stress. It’s worth trying out if you’re interested, as it may help reset your mind in challenging times.

This article answers the query from Ivy Bowen of Lincoln: “Should I start EFT tapping?”

If you have any questions, please email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a message Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (remember to include your name and location).

Check out our ultimate fun facts and more amazing science pages!

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Breakthrough Discovery: Antarctic Creature May Pave the Way for Cancer Treatment Advances

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The potential cure for skin cancer may originate from one of the most isolated and inhospitable regions on our planet.

Recent studies have revealed that a species of sea squirt found in Antarctica produces bacteria that harbor toxic compounds capable of targeting and killing melanoma cells, while leaving healthy human cells unharmed.

“Selectivity is crucial in drug development, as our goal is to treat the disease without harming the patient,” says Bill Baker, a chemistry professor at the University of South Florida (USF) and co-leader of this groundbreaking research.

An estimated 57,000 individuals die annually from melanoma, the most severe type of skin cancer, and projections suggest this number could rise to 96,000 by 2040.

The highest incidence rates are observed among fair-skinned populations in countries like Australia and New Zealand, as well as Western Europe, yet innovative treatments may be found further south.

Sea squirts, also known as tunicates, are pouch-shaped marine invertebrates that inhabit the sloping floors of the ocean.

Antarctic wildlife, like many organisms on the continent, has evolved over millions of years to withstand extreme conditions, developing unique chemical defenses against predators and disease.

The USF research team, alongside scientists from the Desert Research Institute and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, dedicated six weeks to exploring Antarctic waters, diving approximately 80 feet below the ice—a mission that posed challenges such as shifting oceans, poor visibility, and encounters with leopard seals.

Researchers may be on land, but their studies on sea squirts continue—Credit: Sam Affoullous, USF

Currently, researchers are analyzing the DNA, chemistry, and biology of these ascidians, a comprehensive process that may take years to yield results.

“This research is vital for both environmental and medical purposes,” Baker stated. “Understanding the source and function of this compound is essential to its development as a therapeutic agent.”

Sea squirts aren’t the only unusual organisms providing insights into cancer treatment. For instance, naked mole rats, despite their unconventional appearance, appear to be entirely immune to cancer, although the underlying reasons remain unclear.

Additionally, researchers in the United States have identified compounds in scorpion venom that show promise in combating aggressive brain tumors.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Terrifying AI Robot: The Unstoppable Chaser You Can’t Escape

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No, your eyes aren’t deceiving you – this innovative sculpture teeth is on the move. In fact, it’s cleverly designed to run. This amazing creation is a robot.

Formally known as the ‘Metamachine with Legs’, it consists of spherical modules, each housing a motor, battery, computer, and a pair of agile arms.

Each module operates independently, capable of rolling, rotating, and jumping. When connected, they seamlessly return to their original position while walking, running, or recovering from a fall.

Remarkably, they can discover new locomotion methods even if they lose limbs. Researchers tested this adaptability by deliberately cutting off a limb to observe the machine’s responsive capabilities.

https://www.sciencefocus.com/future-technology/content://c9f6c2e1-16b1-4baa-8414-e0d14591dfd0/resources/a8d9206e-1893-4cf0-af3b-a3a64a8e49be
AI-designed machines can navigate autonomously, recover from damage, and transform into various shapes.

“Even after sustaining severe injuries that would typically be fatal to other robots, they can easily recover,” say the researchers behind this groundbreaking technology. Fans of a certain science fiction movie might remember the phrase “It will never stop.”

Terminator fans will appreciate that this legged metamachine was developed by a talented team of engineers at Northwestern University in Chicago. They utilized advanced AI algorithms to create a robot with efficient and adaptable movement.

“This is survival of the fittest, accelerated and implemented through computer technology,” said Sam Kriegman, the project leader. Let’s hope this algorithm isn’t dubbed Skynet.

For more captivating images, visit: Pinterest / Instagram

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discover Australia’s Arctic Dome Crater: Earth’s Oldest Known Archean Impact Structure

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Zircon crystals and impact-altered minerals reveal that a colossal asteroid impacted Western Australia’s Pilbara region approximately 3 billion years ago.

Arctic Dome Crater: (A) Simplified map of the Eastern Pilbara Terrain (EPT, Western Australia). Key geological features include Paleoarchean granite domes (pink) and greenstone belts (green and blue), with the North Pole Dome (NPD) at the center. (B) Geological map featuring NPD and shutter cone fields (yellow stars). (C) Quartz (Qtz) carbonate vein intersecting the shutter cone line. Image credit: Kirkland et al., doi: 10.1130/G54866.1.

According to Professor Chris Kirkland from Curtin University and his research team, “While evidence of heavy bombardment exists for the Moon during the Hadean and early Archean eras, the impact history on Earth remains largely unclear.”

“Identifying meteorite impact structures can be challenging, especially when impacts occur within Archean upper crustal rocks, which often lack quartz or zircon—minerals that preserve impact signatures.”

“Recently identified dense shutter cone fields in the Arctic Dome provide tangible evidence of impact on these weakly metamorphosed mafic rocks.”

“Shatter cones were once thought to have formed around 3.47 billion years ago.”

However, new findings reveal two fracture cones that suggest an impact event between 2.7 billion and 400 million years ago linked to the Neoarchean Low Basalt Mountains.

In their latest study, researchers analyzed two rock samples containing shattered cones (zircon-bearing metadolerite and apatite-bearing metabasalt), along with shocked quartz veins from the Arctic Dome.

Using advanced mineral dating techniques, they uncovered the most compelling evidence yet that the impact occurred roughly 3 billion years ago.

Professor Kirkland stated, “This discovery addresses long-standing questions regarding the timing of this impact event.”

Previously identified as an ancient impact structure, the exact age was unknown until now.

“The impact left behind a ‘mineral clock.’ By dating the minerals that have either regenerated or newly formed in these damaged rocks, we can determine the occurrence of this unusual event,” he explained.

“Key to this research are zircon minerals, renowned for their ability to retain geological timelines spanning billions of years.”

“Some of the zircons from the Arctic Dome exhibit unique branched skeletal shapes, interpreted as shock-altered crystals formed by heat and pressure during intense impact.”

“These zircon crystals provide a record of events that transpired about 3 billion years ago, marking the best estimate of the impact time.”

To further validate their findings, apatite was analyzed—this mineral forms as hot fluids move through impact-altered rocks, confirming similar dating results.

The correlation between these two mineral systems enhances our confidence that we are observing signs of a singular significant event: a meteorite impact.

This latest research positions the Arctic Dome structure as Earth’s oldest known impact crater and the sole recognized example from the Archean Era, a period when Earth’s earliest continents were forming.

Professor Kirkland highlighted, “Dating ancient impact craters poses challenges due to geological alterations such as heat, pressure, and fluid movements over billions of years, which may obscure original impact signals.”

“Our study successfully separates the moment of impact from its extensive geological history.”

This groundbreaking discovery extends Earth’s impact record deeper into geological history than any previously dated crater, offering an invaluable insight into the violent processes that shaped the early Earth.

For more details, refer to the team’s paper published in the June 23 edition of Geology.

_____

C.L. Kirkland et al. “How old is the Arctic Dome impact in Western Australia?” Geology, published online June 23, 2026. doi: 10.1130/G54866.1

Source: www.sci.news

How Daily Exposure to Bright Light Can Help Prevent Dementia

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Researchers at Guangzhou Medical University conducted a comprehensive study tracking approximately 88,000 individuals over eight years, revealing a significant correlation between daytime light exposure and reduced rates of dementia.

Zheng et al. displayed findings that link higher daytime light exposure to a decreased risk of dementia. Image credit: Zheng et al., doi: 10.1002/gps3.70039.

“Dementia is recognized as the leading neurodegenerative disease globally, characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function and deterioration in daily living activities,” stated co-senior author Dr. Hongliang Feng and colleagues.

“With the aging global population, the incidence of dementia is rising swiftly, and effective treatments remain scarce, creating significant health and socio-economic challenges.”

“Thus, there is a pressing need to identify protective factors and create effective prevention strategies.”

“The natural light-dark cycle, highlighted by darkness during the night and brightness throughout the day, is a crucial environmental signal that governs endogenous circadian rhythms.”

“This circadian regulation influences various aspects of physiology, behavior, and cognitive functions.”

“Conversely, disturbances in circadian rhythm are prevalent among individuals with dementia and are linked to an elevated risk of developing dementia in the general population.”

In this pivotal study, the authors monitored 87,577 adults from the UK Biobank during a median follow-up period of 8.1 years.

Findings indicated that participants exposed to light levels of 1,000 lux or higher (approximately equivalent to the brightness of indirect outdoor light) had a roughly 16% lower risk of developing dementia compared to those in dimly lit settings.

Notably, the benefits escalated with increased light intensity. Individuals who spent at least 42 minutes daily in environments with 5,000 lux or higher experienced an approximate 17% reduction in their dementia risk.

It’s crucial to note that light exposure was measured using a wrist-worn sensor continuously for seven days in real-world conditions, rather than relying on self-reported data.

“Our findings position daytime light exposure as a novel, robust, and quantifiable indicator of dementia risk,” the researchers concluded.

When evaluated alongside 15 known dementia predictors using a machine learning model, inadequate daytime light was found to be more predictive than factors such as obesity, alcohol consumption, air pollution, and traumatic brain injury.

Conservation groups illustrated the strongest links, particularly among individuals with chronic nighttime light exposure, known as night owls, and those carrying the ApoE ε4 genetic mutation, which is the most significant known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease.

In these vulnerable populations, dementia risk reduction reached as high as 41%.

The researchers propose that daytime light may contribute to stabilizing the body’s circadian rhythms and preserving certain brain structures.

Conversely, exposure to light at night displayed no notable association with dementia risk.

“The insights from this study could shape future research and public health guidelines, advocating for light-based interventions that promote increased daytime light exposure as an economical strategy to enhance brain health, particularly in at-risk groups,” the scientists concluded.

Read their paper published in the journal General Psychiatry.

_____

Nana Jen et al. 2026. Association between daytime and nighttime light exposure as measured by wearable devices and dementia risk: a prospective cohort study. General Psychiatry 39 (3): e70039; doi: 10.1002/gps3.70039

Source: www.sci.news

TESS Uncovers the Most Bulging Exoplanet Ever Detected

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Two newly discovered exoplanets, TOI-791b and TOI-791c, resemble Jupiter in size but are remarkably less dense than cotton candy. This discovery offers astronomers a unique opportunity to understand the formation and evolution of gas giant planets.

Diagram showing TOI-791b and TOI-791c alongside their parent stars. Image credit: NASA/Daniel Rutter.

TOI-791b matches Jupiter’s size but contains only 3% of its mass, while TOI-791c is even larger and holds just 5.9% of Jupiter’s mass.

Both exoplanets orbit a sun-like star called TOI-791, located approximately 1,113 light-years away in the constellation Taurus.

“The primary reason these planets intrigue us is that their existence defies expectations,” said Dr. John Jenkins of NASA’s Ames Research Center.

“They present a key puzzle in understanding the formation of giant planets like Jupiter and their evolution,” he added.

NASA’s TESS mission identified these exoplanets through the observation of periodic dips in the luminosity of the star, indicating planetary transits.

Due to their lengthy orbital periods (139 days for TOI-791b and 232 days for TOI-791c), TESS compiled 1,122 days of observations over seven years to confirm their characteristics.

“This system serves as a distinctive laboratory for exploring the formation and evolution of superpuff planets,” stated Professor Amaury Tryode from the University of Birmingham.

“We aim to utilize NASA/ESA/CSA’s James Webb Space Telescope for space-based observations to determine whether the inflated atmospheres contain molecules of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, providing new insights into their formation,” he added.

Comparison of TOI-791b and TOI-791c to some planets in our solar system. Image credit: NASA/Daniel Rutter.

TOI-791b and TOI-791c are gravitationally locked in an orbital dance, subtly influencing the timing of their transits.

Astronomers measured these timing variations to accurately calculate the planets’ masses, revealing their unusually low densities.

“Only a few super-bulky planets like these exist, and finding two within the same system is extremely rare,” emphasized Dr. George Dunsfield from the University of Oxford.

“Their low densities make them fascinating subjects for understanding the formation and evolution of planetary systems,” he continued.

“Further investigations into these Jupiter-sized yet less massive planets are invaluable, as the emergence of large planets is believed to significantly impact the evolution of planetary systems,” noted Steve Howell, a researcher at NASA’s Ames Research Center.

Professor Tristan Guillot from the University of the Cote d’Azur stated, “These multiplanetary systems experience complex gravitational interactions, evolving over decades.”

This significant finding is detailed in a recent article: paper published in Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices.

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Georgina Dransfield et al. 2026. ASTEP identified a pair of long-period, Jupiter-sized planets with extremely low density orbiting TOI-791. MNRAS 549 (4): stag864;doi: 10.1093/mnras/stag864

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient DNA Reveals Final Secrets of Neanderthal Existence in Northwestern Europe

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Recent studies have successfully sequenced genetic data from 27 Neanderthals residing in Belgium and France, dating back approximately 52,500 years. This groundbreaking research unveils unexpected insights into the lives of our closest human relatives before their extinction.

Neanderthal reconstruction. Image credit: Neanderthal Museum.

Neanderthals thrived in Europe and western Asia from at least 430,000 years ago until about 40,000 years ago.

The analysis of high-quality nuclear genomes from four Neanderthals presents significant insights into their diversity, population history, and interactions with early modern humans.

Comparative studies of more recent Neanderthals from Croatia (45,000 years ago) indicate greater genetic diversity and less evidence of inbreeding, in contrast to older specimens from Denisova and Chagyrskaya caves (dating back 120,000 years, around 110,000 years, and about 60,000 years), located at the eastern extent of the Neanderthal range.

Moreover, the genomic data suggests a striking genetic similarity among late Neanderthals, indicating potential long-distance connections between individuals from geographically remote regions such as Mezmaiskaya in the Caucasus and Les Côtés in France.

“Previously, we had only four high-quality Neanderthal genomes and a limited number of less informative genomes, making it challenging to address various questions about Neanderthal regional diversity,” explains Alba Bossams-Mesa, a postdoctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

“By generating genetic data from multiple individuals in present-day Belgium and France, we can now explore late Neanderthal populations with greater detail.”

This research study involved recovering genetic material from 26 Neanderthals located in Belgium and France.

Researchers also sequenced a high-quality genome from a 45,000-year-old Neanderthal man uncovered in Belgium’s Goyet Cave, marking it as the fifth detailed Neanderthal genome ever produced.

In contrast to previously studied Neanderthals from the Altai region of Siberia, which displayed signs of interbreeding among close relatives, the Belgian Neanderthals showed no such genetic traits.

The findings reveal that most Neanderthals in Belgium and France shared closer genetic ties to one another than to their contemporaneous counterparts in other European regions, while also indicating the presence of distinct regional populations that maintained broader connections across the continent.

Dr. Benjamin Peter, also affiliated with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, stated, “Our findings suggest that the circumstances observed in one area cannot be applied universally to all Neanderthals.”

“Late Neanderthals from northwestern Europe appear to have been part of a connected regional population rather than isolated groups interbreeding frequently.”

Despite modern humans having arrived in the region around 47,000 years ago, the Neanderthal genome revealed no traces of recent human DNA.

“These findings amplifiy the notable imbalance,” Bossams-Mesa noted.

“While early modern humans appear to carry Neanderthal ancestry, to date we have found no clear signs of modern human ancestry in late Neanderthals.”

Researchers also evaluated the hypothesis that Neanderthals gradually weakened due to accumulating genetic defects. By comparing early and late Neanderthals, they found no significant increase in harmful mutations over time, challenging the notion that genetic decline contributed to Neanderthal extinction.

The ultimate cause of Neanderthal extinction remains uncertain.

Nonetheless, this study illustrates that, at least in northwestern Europe, the last millennia were not characterized by biological decline.

Dr. Janet Kelso from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology remarked, “This study underscores the capability of ancient DNA to reveal finer variations within Neanderthals than previously achievable.”

“Instead of perceiving Late Neanderthals as a homogeneous declining population, we are beginning to appreciate a more intricate landscape of regional diversity, connectivity, and population history.”

For more insights, refer to the findings published in this week’s issue of Nature.

_____

A. Bossams Mesa et al. Genetic diversity of late Neanderthals in northwest Europe. Nature, published online June 24, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10625-1

Source: www.sci.news

Understanding Venezuela’s ‘Double’ Earthquake: Key Facts You Need to Know About the Series of Quakes

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A second powerful earthquake shook Venezuela on Wednesday, striking just 39 seconds after the first quake subsided. The two earthquakes registered magnitudes of 7.1 and 7.5, causing significant concern among residents and seismologists alike.

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According to the U.S. Geological Survey, these two earthquakes are classified as a doublet array, which refers to the occurrence of two earthquakes with similar magnitudes that strike the same geographic area almost simultaneously.

Harold Tobin, director of the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network and a professor at the University of Washington, stated, “The first seismic wave had not yet dissipated when the second quake occurred.”

Follow our live coverage here.

Severely damaged apartment complex in Catia la Mar, Venezuela, observed on Thursday.Juan Barreto/AFP via Getty Images

It’s not unusual for two earthquakes to occur in rapid succession; however, this particular sequence of tremors led to extensive damage, with reports indicating at least 188 fatalities, over 1,520 injuries, and more than 150 individuals still unaccounted for.

According to Tobin, “The first quake likely compromised the structural integrity of several buildings. If they survived the initial earthquake, the subsequent quake could lead to their collapse.”

The Richter scale is logarithmic, indicating that a 7.5 magnitude earthquake releases approximately three times the energy of a 7.1 magnitude earthquake. Each integer on the scale represents a tenfold increase in amplitude.

This doublet earthquake pattern occurred in a complex fault system near San Felipe, Venezuela. The intricacies of this zone will likely prolong the researchers’ efforts to fully comprehend which faults were involved.

Maria Beatriz Magnani, a seismology professor at Southern Methodist University who studied Venezuela’s fault lines in the early 2000s, noted that the rupture transpired along the boundary of the South American and Caribbean tectonic plates, which are moving laterally past each other. The USGS estimates this eastward movement occurs at roughly 20 millimeters (approximately three-quarters of an inch) annually, compounded by compression forces as the plates interact.

Early assessments suggest that both earthquakes were of the strike-slip variety, characterized by one plate shifting past another. However, further data is still needed to clarify the mechanisms of these seismic events.

Magnani remarked, “It will take time to fully decipher the history of this fault. This is an exceedingly intricate plate boundary.”

Rescue teams searching through the debris of a collapsed house in Catia la Mar, Venezuela, on Thursday.Federico Parra/AFP via Getty Images

Tobin indicated that the first earthquake likely instigated the second.

He stated, “This region is characterized by a complex arrangement of faults and fractures rather than a singular fault line, adding to the complexity of this earthquake sequence.”

A 1999 study in the Bulletin of Atmospheric Sciences reviewed 70 earthquakes over a year, finding that 22% of earthquakes greater than magnitude 7.5 were part of doublets. Venezuela had also experienced doublet earthquakes of magnitudes 6.2 and 6.3 in 2025, but they occurred southwest of Wednesday’s quake, resulting in one death and over 110 injuries according to the USGS.

In 2023, a pair of earthquakes measuring 7.8 and 7.5 struck southern Turkey and Syria, leading to over 3,000 fatalities.

In North America, two magnitude 6.2 earthquakes near the British Columbia-Alaska border were recorded within a two-hour window in May 2017, while a double earthquake in Klamath Falls, Oregon, featured a magnitude 5.9 tremor followed by a magnitude 6.0 event two hours later in September 1993.

Tobin noted that experts are still evaluating whether the events on Wednesday should be classified as a doublet, although the USGS currently characterizes them as such.

The classification remains a topic of debate among seismologists, creating discussions about whether this represents two separate earthquakes or one event with multiple stages.

A woman walking past an earthquake-damaged building in La Guaira, Venezuela, on June 25, 2026.Pedro Mattei/AP

Venezuela has recorded five earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 or greater since 1900, but none occurred along the fault line where Wednesday’s events transpired. This indicates that stress may have been building in this region for over 200 years.

Tobin added that no earthquake measuring 7.0 or higher has occurred along the fault since around 1812.

According to Magnani, the recent twin earthquakes will offer invaluable data for researchers aimed at uncovering fault structures concealed beneath the Earth’s surface.

“This event provides new insights into how the fault behaves and aids in comprehending the complexities of this region,” Magnani concluded. “Each earthquake and aftershock enriches our understanding of this intricate geological area.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Experience the Tear-Inducing Power of an Onion: Try Holding One!

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New Scientist: Your source for the latest in science, technology, health, and environmental news.


Feedback is New Scientist
— a popular outlet for readers keen on keeping up with the latest in science and technology. Share your thoughts at feedback@newscientist.com.

Exploring the Science of Onions

Feedback doesn’t require professional chef skills to understand that cutting onions can lead to tears. While the kitchen can be a high-pressure environment, the many chefs who cry at the sight of onions aren’t alone.

The tears you experience while chopping onions come from a chemical called sympropanethyl-S-oxide, released into the air. This compound activates the trigeminal nerve and causes your tear ducts to react, which is why onion slicing often ends in a watery-eyed struggle.

This raises intriguing questions: Is sensitivity to onions universal, or does it differ between individuals? Furthermore, do those who react more strongly to onions also possess heightened sensitivity to other chemicals, like scents? The answers remain unclear.

As Thomas Hummel and his team noted in their preliminary study published on May 25th in the Journal of Laryngoscope Investigation Otorhinolaryngology, there is surprisingly little research on this topic.

Hummel’s study involved 1,001 participants, who rated their olfactory abilities and their propensity to cry while cutting onions. Testing also included identifying scents using specially infused sticks.

Interestingly, those who reported more tears while cutting onions claimed to have a better sense of smell, but psychophysical tests painted a different picture. In fact, individuals who said they were affected by onions performed worse on smell tests.

These findings suggest that self-evaluation of one’s sense of smell is often inaccurate, much like people’s tendency to overestimate their abilities in driving or interpreting complex information.

Luckily, Feedback doesn’t suffer from such misconceptions. With a nose like ours, it was clear when a dead mouse, hidden by one of our cats behind the sideboard, finally wafted its distinct odor into the air.

Organizing the Digital Library: A New Gaming Trend

Feedback acknowledges that video games have shifted from epic battles to more mundane tasks. Titles like Animal Crossing revolve around everyday life activities such as village upkeep.

Enter Librarian: Organize the Arcane Library, launched on April 30th. Players are tasked with restoring order to a chaotic library filled with mischief caused by whimsical fairies, needing to systematically shelve 3,072 books.

This game is priced at £5.29, and while Feedback has yet to play it, the aesthetics of organizing chaos seem appealing, much like solving a Sudoku puzzle.

Player reception is positive, with nearly 15,000 reviews logged as of June 16th, 94% of which praise the game. There appears to be a surprising joy in tidying up havoc in the digital world, a stark contrast to real-life messes where odds and ends are often neglected.

Reflections on Youth and Technology

Feedback has observed that emerging trends like booing speakers advocating for generative AI among university graduates are becoming more common. Figures like Eric Schmidt and Scott Borchetta have felt this backlash.

As we ponder the underlying reasons behind the youth’s disdain for technology—often associated with deepfakes, job displacement, and electrical consumption—let’s keep in mind the wisdom of Principal Seymour Skinner: “Am I really that out of touch? No, it’s the children who are wrong.”

Got a story for Feedback?

Reach out via email at feedback@newscientist.com, including your location. Explore this week’s feedback and previous editions on our website.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Breakthrough Discovery: Master Gene Unveils Secrets of Human Development

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Understanding Embryonic Development for IVF Success

Understanding Embryo Development to Enhance IVF Success Rates

Philip Prairie/Science Photo Library

Recent research has unveiled crucial master genes, specifically Nanog, that govern human fetal development. This discovery was achieved through targeted modifications of fertilized egg DNA utilizing advanced CRISPR base editing technology.

This breakthrough has the potential to significantly elevate success rates in in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments. As noted by Kathy Niakan from Cambridge University, understanding the early stages of human development is essential not just for enhancing IVF but also for propelling stem cell biology forward. “Greater insights will have far-reaching benefits for regenerative medicine and stem cell research,” she adds.

While the involvement of Nanog in embryonic development has been established through animal studies, it is essential to note that its role differs significantly in humans compared to other species like mice. Once fertilization occurs, cells differentiate into three primary types: those that will become the placenta, the yolk sac, or the embryo itself. Disabling the Nanog gene in mouse fertilized eggs using base editing resulted in zero cells developing into yolk sac progenitors. Base editing is a nuanced version of CRISPR that modifies one DNA base at a time, reducing the risk of unintended genetic mutations compared to earlier CRISPR methods, clarifies Niakan.

Conversely, inactivity of the Nanog gene in human eggs donated from IVF patients led to no cells maturing into embryo-forming cells, underscoring its critical role in initiating human developmental processes.

Despite appearing normal under microscopic examination, embryos lacking Nanog fail to implant successfully. Niakan states, “Approximately half of the embryos that appear viable based solely on their shape still cannot implant.” Identifying vital markers or genes, such as Nanog, could potentially enhance IVF success rates, she notes.

Niakan’s research represents one of the pioneering studies utilizing base editing on human embryos. The initial endeavors began as early as 2017. However, previous studies focused on embryos discarded due to abnormalities, thereby limiting applicability to healthy embryos. Recently, Dieter Egli presented findings at Columbia University, detailing base editing in two-cell embryos in a preprint study.

Niakan clarifies, “Our goals were fundamentally distinct. We aimed to decipher the functions of critical genes in human embryos, setting a new precedent for this type of research.” In contrast, Egli’s work primarily seeks to correct mutations associated with diseases.

Yet, Egli expressed skepticism regarding Niakan’s findings, asserting that there is no substantial evidence of Nanog‘s functional importance in human embryogenesis. Niakan, however, argues that her team conducted further research to support their conclusions.

All three studies converge on the understanding that CRISPR-based editing techniques pose significantly fewer risks than traditional CRISPR methods previously employed. However, according to Mary Herbert, a collaborator with Niakan’s team, we remain distant from the ethical application of CRISPR base editing for creating genetically edited children due to current technological limitations. “The technology isn’t ready for that yet,” she emphasizes.

A significant challenge remains the phenomenon of mosaicism, where gene edits are inconsistently successful across various cells in an embryo. This implicates that even corrected mutations may not prevent potential diseases in the resulting child. For instance, Egli’s team faced an 80% mosaic rate in their embryos. Niakan’s team, by implementing edits earlier in the fertilization process, encountered a lower but still concerning mosaic rate of 50%.

Niakan morally cautions against attempts for child gene edits at this stage but remains open to future possibilities: “I advocate for more basic research that is accessible for public discussion.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover How Home Battery Storage Can Save You Money and Help the Environment

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Home batteries charge when electricity is cheap

Home batteries can be charged when power prices are low and sell power back to the grid during peak times.

Misha Kaiser/Westend61/Getty Images

If you’re considering climate-friendly practices for your home, rooftop solar panels may come to mind. However, compact home batteries offer a cost-effective alternative to save both money and the environment.

While solar energy continues to grow, battery storage is rapidly emerging as the fastest-growing power technology globally. The International Energy Agency reports that home batteries not only power homes but also allow homeowners to sell excess energy back to the grid. Although many homeowners combine these batteries with rooftop solar, increasing energy prices are prompting a rise in the standalone battery market.

In numerous countries, new home batteries can be used by simply plugging them into an electrical outlet—eliminating the need for professional installation.

“This could be a game changer,” says Ian Staffell from Imperial College London. “Low-cost, plug-and-play batteries could rival rooftop solar.”

Last year, over 40,000 homes and small businesses in the UK installed battery storage systems, with and without solar, nearly doubling the previous year’s record. After energy supply disruptions caused by the Iran war, installations by Octopus Energy surged from February to March, remaining stable above pre-war levels despite a national cap on energy prices imposed by the UK’s energy regulator.

In the United States, despite a slowdown in rooftop solar growth, home battery installations are projected to reach 75% by 2025. The technology is also expanding rapidly in China, Australia, and Germany, where one in six homeowners owns a battery, totaling over 2 million units.

Variable tariffs allow homeowners to charge batteries during low-cost hours, such as in the early afternoon or overnight, at rates as low as 5 pence per kilowatt-hour in the UK. During peak demand hours from 4 PM to 7 PM, the cost can jump to 40 pence or higher, especially during heatwaves when energy consumption rises.

The average UK homeowner spends around £9,400 on battery systems, but Octopus plans to introduce a plug-in option costing less than £300. This compact unit, roughly shoebox-sized, can store 2 kilowatt-hours—enough to keep a refrigerator running for a day or two. If approved for consumer use by 2027, renters can also benefit from this technology.

“You can expect a return on investment within two to three years,” says Phil Steele of Octopus. “It’s straightforward.”

Home batteries contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions by decreasing peak energy demand, which in turn reduces the need for utilities to depend on gas-fueled energy sources. On windy or sunny days with low demand, the UK’s electricity grid can temporarily run on nearly 100% carbon-free resources. Storing energy in home batteries can mitigate the environmental impact more effectively than wasting excess energy generated by home solar panels.

Last year in England, £379 million were spent to shut down wind farms when the electricity grid couldn’t accommodate the generated energy; however, this surplus could have been stored in batteries. If half of the UK’s homes had 5kWh of battery storage, the government’s 2030 target for energy capacity expansion could be achieved, as outlined in the battery storage framework.

As solar and wind power increasingly contribute to the energy mix, home battery storage will play a crucial role in balancing the grid and enhancing climate benefits, according to Staffel.

“Currently, solar power might be preferable, but in five years, batteries will play a much larger role,” he adds.

Nonetheless, the manufacturing of batteries may offset some climate benefits. Aritra Ghosh from the University of Exeter points out that there is currently no infrastructure in place to recycle millions of end-of-life home batteries, which Octopus estimates will take a minimum of 12 years to establish.

A recent study indicates that producing lithium-ion batteries results in approximately 150 to 200 kilograms of carbon dioxide emissions per kilowatt-hour of capacity—similar to driving a gasoline vehicle for a kilometer. Decarbonizing heavy industry in regions like China could significantly lower this impact, but as Ghosh emphasizes, “we’re not close to achieving that yet.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Phages Could Hijack Vaccine Immunity to Target and Destroy Cancer Cells

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Transmission electron micrograph of E. coli cells infected with phage (green dots)

Transmission Electron Micrograph of E. coli Infected with Phage (Green Dots)

M. Mader/Department of Microbiology, Biozentrum/Science Photo Library

A groundbreaking study reveals that bacteriophages, viruses that target bacteria, can help in eliminating cancer cells by reorienting the immune response established through vaccination. In experiments involving mice vaccinated against malaria, a harmless phage was utilized to target and eradicate tumors, achieving success in nearly 44% of the subjects.

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatments, yet many patients do not reap its benefits due to the challenge of getting the immune system to identify tumors as threats. To address this,
Amin Hajitou and his team from Imperial College London investigated phages that specifically infect
Escherichia coli. These phages attach to bacteria, inject their genetic material, and replicate, thereby destroying the bacterial cells.

The research team engineered the phages to specifically target proteins known as αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins, which are prevalent in tumor cells but scarce in healthy cells. Additionally, they customized the phages to produce malaria-specific antigens—signals that prompt the immune system to recognize them as foreign invaders. “Phages function as targeted delivery vehicles,” explains Hajitou.

The efficacy of this approach was tested on 60 mice with subcutaneous tumors. Among them, 15 mice received a malaria vaccine followed by injections of engineered phages at two-week intervals. The control group consisted of 15 mice each receiving no treatment, the malaria vaccine only, or the engineered phage exclusively.

The results revealed that tumors disappeared in 44% of the treated mice, with no recurrence observed a year post-study. Although the treated mice exhibited longer lifespans compared to controls, a survival advantage was not significantly noted.

According to
David Withers at Oxford University, “These engineered viruses can target and infect tumor cells systemically.” This strategy marks a significant advancement over current methods of manipulating tumors, such as oncolytic viruses, which necessitate direct injections at cancer sites—an impractical method especially for metastatic diseases.

By fine-tuning the phage’s antigen-producing capabilities, this innovative approach could also extend its effectiveness to individuals vaccinated against other infectious diseases like seasonal influenza and COVID-19, showcasing the versatility of this method. Hajitou asserts, “More potent vaccines than malaria are likely to yield even greater results.” The aim is to leverage existing immune memory without being limited to malaria-specific responses.

The research team is currently engaging with the UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) to explore the possibility of commencing early-stage human trials next year.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Why You Should Be Concerned About the Upcoming Heatwave

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A red heat warning has been issued for parts of the UK, including London, this week.

Brooke Mitchell/Getty Images

The current European heat wave poses serious threats. With record-breaking high temperatures and uncomfortable night conditions, it raises alarming questions about our future climate. If extreme weather is this intense now, what will it look like in 10, 20, or 30 years?

The prognosis is dire: the UK Met Office predicts that by 2056, temperatures could exceed 40°C (104°F) for nine consecutive days and potentially reach 45°C (113°F) in some areas. Articles pondering whether “This is the New Normal” illustrate the urgency; once these patterns establish themselves, we may never revert to past climate norms.

While surviving extreme heat waves may be feasible with proper infrastructure, the UK remains critically unprepared. For instance, New Scientist‘s offices struggle with inadequate air conditioning, leading many to bear the brunt of the heat. Recently, an event aiming to discuss adaptation strategies was canceled due to extreme heat during London Climate Action Week.

Climate scientists continue to emphasize the urgency of preparing for increased heat waves, severe droughts, flooding, and rising sea levels. Despite heightened media coverage during heat waves, public attention wanes as temperatures drop, and action stagnates.

This isn’t merely anecdotal; the UK Climate Change Committee’s official judgment concludes that adaptation efforts are “too slow, stagnant, or heading in the wrong direction.” You can read their report from last year. Many seem to think that the UK will remain its green and pleasant self, but the reality is that we are careening towards disaster without noticing.

Several factors amplify my concerns. First, greenhouse gas emissions are on the rise. While the acceleration may be decreasing, Earth’s average temperatures are anticipated to grow by 2.1 to 3.3 degrees Celsius by 2100, and potentially more.

Even these figures may understate the situation, as oceans heat up slower than land, masking the true extent of temperature rises. What truly impacts us are extreme weather phenomena rather than average fluctuations. Future projections for extreme conditions are alarming, as heat waves in certain areas are already beating expectations. This is partly due to climate models not accurately predicting how jet streams will shift with rising temperatures and neglecting regional effects like reductions in air pollution that mask sunlight.

The subsequent ripple effects from these extreme weather trends are challenging to predict due to the interconnectivity of complex systems, yet evidence suggests we might be underestimating their toll.

As heat waves intensify, we could face mass mortality, notably among young populations. Food security, a cornerstone of civilization, is already threatened by climate change; evidence indicates it is negatively impacting agricultural output, inflating prices, and prompting further deforestation as farmers strive to adapt.

Simultaneous extreme weather events will exacerbate global economic challenges. A 2024 study cautions that this could precipitate history’s worst financial crisis.

Don’t forget additional variables, such as the Amazon’s potential depletion or the deceleration of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. One expert I interviewed at a recent conference theorizes that the slowdown of this crucial ocean current around 12,000 years ago led to dramatic seasonal oscillations in Britain, with scorching summers followed by harsh winters.

The truth is, the world is changing rapidly, and we must reshape every facet of our lives—homes, offices, factories, schools, transportation, agriculture—yet meaningful action is lacking. Ultimately, if the current heat wave does not incite concern, it certainly should.

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  • Climate Change/
  • Extreme Weather

Source: www.newscientist.com

Ultimate Guide: Where, When, and How to Watch the 2026 Solar Eclipse

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2024 Total Solar Eclipse

Stunning View of the 2024 Total Solar Eclipse

Image Credit: Alexander/Alamy

On August 12, 2024, a breathtaking total solar eclipse will sweep across parts of Europe and the Atlantic Ocean, as the moon perfectly aligns between the Earth and the sun, blocking sunlight. A partial solar eclipse will also be observable in various regions, including parts of the United States, Africa, the UK, and much of Canada. Don’t miss this celestial event!

Where to Experience the Solar Eclipse

Totality occurs when the moon completely obscures the sun’s disk, starting in Russia around noon and moving eastward over the Arctic Ocean. It will pass just south of the North Pole, making landfall in northeastern Greenland shortly after 4 PM local time.

The moon’s shadow will travel along Greenland’s east coast at over 3,400 kilometers per hour, with totality lasting around 2 minutes and 18 seconds. The eclipse will become visible from more populated areas as it crosses into Iceland, where Reykjavik will experience totality for just over a minute at 5:48 PM local time. This marks Iceland’s first total solar eclipse since 1954, and the next one won’t occur until 2196!

After grazing the west coast of Iceland, the solar eclipse will cross the ocean again, reaching northern Spain just before 8:30 PM local time. It will then graze northeastern Portugal and pass over the Balearic Islands before sunset.

Image Credit: European Space Agency (ESA)

What to Expect During a Total Solar Eclipse

During totality, as the moon entirely obscures the sun, expect a sudden drop in temperature and a transition from day to twilight. Stars become visible, as does the sun’s corona—the outer layer that is normally hidden in the sun’s brightness. Eager solar scientists will seize this rare chance to study the corona and its many mysteries, including why it appears hotter than the sun’s surface.

While total solar eclipses are brief and only seen in select areas, partial solar eclipses—where the moon partially obscures the sun—can last for over an hour. Many locations throughout northern America, Canada, much of Europe, and northwestern Africa will witness this. Though less dramatic, it’s crucial to wear eye protection at all times, whether viewing a total or partial eclipse.

Those without adequate eye protection can still safely view the eclipse using alternatives such as pinhole cameras or by observing natural shadows to see the sun’s shape during the event.

Join a Discovery Tour: Eclipse

Explore exclusive tours and cruises designed to enhance your solar eclipse experience at select locations worldwide.

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  • solar eclipse/
  • solar eclipse 2024

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Top 17 Must-Read Popular Science Books of 2026

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Discover the Best in Popular Science Literature

Image by Anna Grigorjeva / Alamy

The World Appears by Michael Pollan

Veteran author Michael Pollan dives deep into the elusive topic of consciousness in his latest work. After five years of exploration, he presents an expansive, nuanced, and introspective narrative. Pollan candidly shares his evolving understanding of consciousness, leaving readers with more questions than answers.


21st Century Brain by Hannah Critchlow

In her optimistic exploration, neuroscientist Hannah Critchlow addresses the adaptability of human creativity amidst the challenges posed by modern technology. She offers practical advice to harness our mental capabilities and include diverse perspectives to thrive.


A Brief History of the Universe by Sara Alam Malik

In a concise yet profound narrative, physicist Sara Alam Malik encapsulates the origins and the future of the universe, presenting a thorough guide to the cosmos in under 250 pages.


Nevertheless by Fred Pearce

After decades of environmental journalism, Fred Pearce provides a cautious yet essential perspective on climate change, emphasizing humanity’s resilience and capacity for change.


Art Cure by Daisy Fancourt

This book highlights the transformative power of the arts on mental health, drawing on scientific research presented in a beautiful and engaging narrative.


Dad’s Brain by Darby Saxbe

Darby Saxbe explores the neurobiological changes that occur in fathers, backed by large-scale research revealing the profound effects of fatherhood on men’s mental health and happiness.


Entangled States by Carmela Padavich Callahan

In this reflective work, journalist Padavich Callahan connects personal experiences with quantum physics, underscoring the implications of scientific concepts in everyday life.


Bird Story by Steve Brusatte

Paleontologist Steve Brusatte reveals how modern birds are indeed the descendants of dinosaurs and explores their evolutionary journey through stunning narratives.


The End of Space and Time by Chanda Prescod Weinstein

Chanda blends astrophysics with poetic insights, exploring dark matter and the universe’s mysteries while incorporating social considerations into scientific discourse.


How Flowers Created Our World by David Haskell

David Haskell examines the profound impact of flowers on ecosystems, highlighting their evolutionary significance since their emergence during the age of dinosaurs.


Radio Universe by Emma Chapman

Emma Chapman uncovers the fascinating role of radio waves in astrophysics, explaining how they provide insight into the universe and may help in the search for extraterrestrial life.

Meet the Authors Live
Join us for engaging discussions with these authors at New Scientist Live, happening on October 10 and 11, 2026. Visit newscientist.com/nslmag for more information.

Purchases made through links on this site may earn us a commission.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Philosophers’ Hidden Writings Rediscovered from ‘Unreadable’ Scrolls

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Carbonized scroll from Herculaneum

Rediscovered Carbonized Scroll from Herculaneum Utilizing Advanced Imaging Technology

Paolo Verzone/National Geographic

A remarkable ancient philosophical manuscript has resurfaced from a papyrus scroll, previously deemed unreadable due to the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. For the first time, researchers have harnessed AI to extract the entire remaining text from an ultra-high-resolution 3D scan of the scroll without the need for physical unrolling.

The scrolls were excavated from the library at Herculaneum, buried alongside Pompeii approximately 2,000 years ago. Since the library’s discovery in 1752, scholars have endeavored to read these charred relics resembling lumps of charcoal. However, attempting to physically open them poses a risk of irreversible damage, and the ink is nearly indistinguishable from the charred papyrus to the naked eye.

Beginning in 2023, the Vesuvius Challenge employed a particle accelerator to scan multiple scrolls, sharing the results with a collaborative online community. This collective effort culminated in AI software capable of digitally opening the scroll and detecting remnants of ink, facilitating easier reading of titles, authors, and excerpts.

This time, the research team unveiled a 1.5-meter-long text inscribed in 22 columns on a 2-centimeter-wide core, with its outer layer having been meticulously removed over centuries for reading.

“I found a record that I attempted to open multiple times but could not decipher,” states Federica Nicolaardi from Federico II University of Naples, Italy. “Some fragments remain from earlier attempts to physically open it, revealing only a few visible letters. Yet through virtual opening, we are reshaping the historical narrative surrounding this papyrus.”

Scrolls co-founders of the Vesuvius Challenge, such as Brent Shields from the University of Kentucky, refer to this scroll as the “Impossible Scroll.” This scroll represents just one among hundreds of texts that withstood early papyrus scholars’ simplifications.

Shields explains that the combination of high-resolution imaging, reaching down to 2 micrometers, and extensive scanning data enables the discovery of lengthy passages within scrolls that were once thought unreadable.

Currently, the AI models adapt to specific scrolls based on variations like ink composition. Shields expresses optimism that with enough exposure, the AI will eventually uncover ink within these ancient texts. “We are leveraging large-scale language models for this task,” he adds, “yet we have not fully transitioned this technology for scroll analysis.”

The uncovered texts delve into themes of ethics, art, and humanity, with numerous references to Stoic doctrines. This aligns with second-century B.C. literature and suggests that Chrysippus, the Greek Stoic philosopher, is likely the author, as noted by Nicolaardi.

Chrysippus is regarded as a foundational figure in Stoicism, yet nearly all of his works have been lost to time. According to classical scholars like Thomas Coward from the University of Bristol, we mainly recognize him through others’ often critical works.

“Accessing the original text, rather than fragments or interpretations by others, is pivotal,” he states, comparing this breakthrough to the rediscovery of lost works by luminaries like Isaac Newton or Albert Einstein that only exist through references from other scientists.

Text from the philosopher Philodemus Found Within the Herculaneum Scrolls

Vesuvius Challenge

Among Chrysippus’ critics was Philodemus, a lesser-known Epicurean philosopher of the first century, whose work resides within the Library of Herculaneum, financed by its presumed owner, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Julius Caesar’s father-in-law.

Another scroll deciphered through scanning has been recognized as About God, Volume 8, an expanded version of Philodemus’s previously known work, About God, Volume 1, which is part of a series of eight texts.

This extraordinary discovery signifies a major leap forward in computational techniques related to image processing and digital unwrapping. Nicholas Freer, a professor at Newcastle University, UK, believes this technology holds the potential to “transform our understanding” of the ancient world.

“These advancements are crucial because hundreds of scrolls remain unopened,” he emphasizes. “What we’re witnessing is not merely a single groundbreaking moment, but the onset of a long-term recovery process that could span decades.”

For Shields, who has devoted decades to developing digital unwrapping technology, this discovery marks a pivotal transition from focusing solely on the technology’s efficacy to emphasizing the scrolls’ content and historical significance.

“What the public will care about now are the names that emerge, the scrolls’ ages, and their philosophical insights,” he remarks. “While we aim to automate tasks, our ultimate goal is to resurrect the voices of the past.”

If Shields has any regrets, it’s that numerous scrolls were lost before he could access them. “What was excavated in 1752, particularly the original scrolls, I believe we will soon be reading,” he states, “as they were among the easiest to decipher.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Phage Therapy: Harnessing Viral Power to Enhance Vaccine Immunity and Target Cancer Cells

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Transmission electron micrograph of E. coli cells infected with phage (green dots)

Transmission Electron Micrograph Reveals E. coli Cells Infected by Phage (Green Dots)

M. Mader/Department of Microbiology, Biozentrum/Science Photo Library

A groundbreaking study reveals that a bacteria-killing virus can selectively destroy cancer cells in mice. By harnessing the immunity generated from vaccination, researchers redirected the immune response to effectively target and eradicate tumors. In trials, nearly 50% of vaccinated mice infected with a harmless phage demonstrated tumor disappearance.

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, but many still struggle to benefit due to challenges in immune system recognition of tumors. The latest research aims to enhance this recognition.

Researchers led by Amin Hajitou at Imperial College London investigated phages that infect Escherichia coli. Upon infecting the bacteria, these phages inject genetic material, reprogramming the bacterial machinery to generate numerous new phages that effectively eradicate these pathogens.

To improve targeting, the team genetically engineered the phages to recognize proteins called αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins, which are prevalent in many tumor cells but are scarce in healthy tissues. Additionally, they modified the phage’s genetic payload to include malaria-specific antigens to stimulate a robust immune response. “Phages serve as precision delivery vehicles for our interventions,” states Hajitou.

The researchers conducted tests on 60 mice with tumors positioned under the skin. A subset received a malaria vaccine, followed by phage injections in the tail over two weeks. Control groups included those receiving no treatment, only the vaccine, or only the engineered phage.

Results showed that tumors vanished in 44% of treated mice, and notably, these tumors did not recur a year post-study. Additionally, treated mice exhibited increased lifespans compared to their untreated counterparts, though no significant survival advantage was observed.

“This innovative approach allows engineered viruses to systematically target tumor cells,” remarks David Withers from Oxford University. “This capability markedly enhances current strategies for manipulating tumors, such as using oncolytic viruses, which are limited by the need for direct administration into cancer sites.”

With further adjustments to the phage’s antigen-producing capabilities, the technique may also apply to humans vaccinated against diseases like seasonal influenza and COVID-19. “Utilizing more effective vaccines than malaria could amplify our results,” Hajitou explains. “This strategy leverages pre-existing immune memory and is not confined to malaria alone.”

The research team is currently in discussions with the UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) to initiate early-stage human trials as soon as next year.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

IBM’s Record-Breaking Chip: Innovative Technique Packs 100 Billion Transistors

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IBM's new chip technology

A groundbreaking achievement has been marked in the realm of micro-computer technology with IBM’s innovative prototype chip. This compact chip, roughly the size of a fingernail, utilizes advanced 3D architecture to house about 100 billion transistors—almost double the transistor count of previously leading-edge chips.

IBM’s 10mm x 15mm chip is touted to be 70% more energy efficient and 50% more powerful than the current top-performing chips, with commercial applications expected within the next decade.

Traditionally, chip manufacturing process names have reflected the size of transistors in nanometers (e.g., 10nm or 5nm), with smaller sizes being advantageous for faster computations and lower energy consumption.

However, industry dynamics have evolved. According to IBM’s Fu Eimei, the nomenclature is now increasingly disconnected from actual physical dimensions and has become a marketing tool.

Although IBM refers to this new technology as “0.7 nanometers,” there is no assertion that individual transistors are that size. The true innovation—developed over 15 years—lies in the technique of stacking two silicon layers and creating electrical connections without overheating, all while ensuring mass manufacturability.

“Our industry has been scaling transistors along the X and Y axes for more than 60 years. This marks the first instance of enabling scaling in the Z direction,” Bu emphasizes.

While IBM has refrained from detailing the exact dimensions of this new technology, indications suggest it might involve two layers from its previously announced 2nm chip technology from 2021, which is already in production across renowned chip foundries worldwide. This advancement is expected to impact devices like the next Apple iPhone.

Given the immense complexity and expenses tied to chip design and production, the industry is collaborating on a technology roadmap led by a non-profit organization, aiming for coordinated advancements and market introductions by relevant stakeholders, including the Interuniversity Microelectronics Center. Although IBM’s 0.7nm technology remains untested in commercial environments, it is a crucial step forward in global chip manufacturing, likely prompting others to follow suit.

Bu foresees that the 0.7nm chips will find their way into consumer electronics within a decade, yet emphasizes that challenges related to quantum effects, current leakage, and additional issues arising at such diminutive scales will need to be addressed going forward. Some modern chips are now only 15 silicon atoms thick.

Owen Guy, a researcher from Swansea University, mentions that other chip manufacturers also claim similar high transistor densities, relying on multiple silicon layers separated by thick substrates. However, this method deviates from true 3D design, leading to complications in inter-layer connectivity and coolant distribution. “There’s considerable misunderstanding in the industry currently,” he notes.

The focus on downsizing transistors has reached a point where further reductions do not necessarily translate to smaller laptops or smartphones. The impetus to miniaturize components is primarily aimed at enhancing energy efficiency and cooling, extending battery life in mobile devices while decreasing power usage in data centers.

A significant hurdle now lies in integrating IBM’s new chip technology into global supply chains and consumer devices. Chips are produced in large quantities on 300mm silicon wafers, each containing trillions of transistors that are ultimately cut into individual components. These intricate machines conduct thousands of processes on the wafer, building layers of circuits, insulators, and various chemicals that are mere nanometers in thickness. Implementing unproven features, like IBM’s dual-layer system, poses considerable challenges.

Some manufacturers are striving to achieve even smaller 0.2nm technology, where circuit elements could be just one atom wide. “The ultimate boundary is one electron and one atom,” suggests Guy. “By around 2050, quantum technology may be essential for the next significant leap in chip innovation.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary Methods for Detecting Volcanic Eruptions: Insights from Sciworthy

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Volcanologists dedicate their efforts to monitoring volcanoes, striving to predict potential eruptions accurately. The primary challenge lies in determining both the likelihood and exact timing of an eruption.

To tackle this issue, a team of researchers created an innovative early detection system designed to issue timely warnings about volcanic eruptions. Their key motivation was to improve upon previous warning systems, which often missed critical underground volcanic activities occurring just before an eruption.

Between 2014 and 2023, researchers carried out extensive tests to effectively identify transient low-frequency oscillations using a seismograph. The focus on these transient signals is crucial since they stem from earthquakes and other surface-related phenomena, which scientists utilize to predict volcanic eruptions. These include ground tilting caused by magma movement and volcanic gases. Scientists refer to these as “jerk” signals due to the sudden movements they represent.

The team conducted their experiments at Piton de la Fournaise, located on La Réunion Island off the southeast coast of Madagascar. They identified the jerk signal by analyzing short-term signals in existing experimental seismic data. During a live experiment, they detected a significant signal 8 kilometers (about 5 miles) from the volcano at the Rivière de l’Est seismic observatory. These signals indicated height changes on the surface as magma migrated, often appearing mere minutes to hours before an eruption.

Researchers measured the jerk signals in Newton meters per second, which reveals the velocity of physical changes occurring in or around the volcano. Alongside real-time experiments, they analyzed historical data to verify the accuracy of jerk signals and determine their occurrence just before eruptions.

To avoid false alarms, the research team distinguished between ocean tidal signals and transient jerk signals using advanced computational software. This step was necessary as ground-recording instruments are also sensitive to tidal movements.

The Jerk system issued its first automated warning in June 2014, alerting authorities an hour before the initial volcanic tremor, signaling that magma was nearing the surface. The last signal recorded in their study occurred on July 2, 2023, just 40 minutes prior to an eruption at a slow rate of 1.5 Newton meters per second. Throughout 2014 to 2023, jerk detections occurred anywhere from minutes to eight hours before an eruption.

To measure the reliability of the jerk signal, the team reviewed historical eruption records at Piton de la Fournaise. They established that for 24 eruptions between 1998 and 2010, jerk alarms would have activated 83% of the time. From 48 eruptions between 1998 and 2023, including those during real-time testing, approximately 42 jerk warnings would have been issued. Real-time analysis also revealed that the jerk signal’s accuracy has improved compared to eruptions from two decades ago.

While the research team successfully identified pre-eruption signals, they noted that data processing requires at least 10-15 minutes, sometimes leading to delayed alarms. They reported two instances of late warnings: one on June 11, 2019, and another on February 10, 2020. After a decade of monitoring jerk signals, the team evaluated alarm success rates for 22 out of 24 eruptions, achieving a positivity rate of 92%.

Prior to the introduction of jerk signals, many volcanologists struggled to predict the exact moment of an eruption. The research team concluded that, alongside traditional methods of detecting pre-eruption earthquakes, scientists can now effectively use jerk signals to alert authorities, thereby improving safety for communities living near volcanoes worldwide.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Study Reveals Modified Mediterranean Diet Boosts Healthy Lifespan in Mice

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Recent animal research published in Cell Metabolism reveals that incorporating specific amounts of single amino acids into a low-protein, plant-based diet significantly decreases frailty and fat in mice. A comprehensive analysis of epidemiological data involving over 200,000 participants indicates similar health benefits.

A predominantly plant-based, low-amino acid diet optimizes healthspan, necessitating moderate methionine intake to minimize frailty. Image credit: Fanti et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2026.05.015.

“The combined findings from both mouse and human studies indicate that a ‘longevity diet,’ primarily vegan or vegetarian with moderate fish intake, may offer the best health outcomes,” stated Valter Longo and his research team from the University of Southern California.

“The Mediterranean diet supplies adequate, albeit small, levels of methionine and other essential amino acids.” Research shows that Mediterranean nations enjoy some of the highest life expectancies, despite exhibiting notable frailty levels.

Given that plant-based foods contain lower essential amino acid levels compared to animal foods, Dr. Longo’s team developed a longevity diet enriched with small amounts of methionine to test its effects on frailty risk.

In this study, groups of 20-month-old mice were provided with one of four distinct diets: a high-fat, high-sugar Western diet, a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet, or a low-protein longevity diet supplemented with methionine (LDMM).

Mice on the LDMM diet exhibited significantly improved outcomes, such as extended healthy lifespans (the percentage of life spent in good health), reduced fat mass, and decreased frailty.

“While we anticipated varying results from different diets, the dramatic metabolic shifts achieved by merely adjusting the methionine levels in the longevity diet were astonishing,” explained Maura Fanti, a researcher at USC.

“This suggests that not just the total protein contribution, but also the specific amino acid composition, could serve as a targeted approach for metabolic intervention.”

“Moreover, the study identified several biomarkers that indicate improved cardiometabolic health in LDMM mice, including elevated levels of signaling molecules that regulate metabolism and aging, such as GLP-1.”

“Although mice and humans have differing regulatory pathways, witnessing such synchronized changes in multiple metabolic hormones is promising, and we eagerly anticipate similar effects in human studies.”

Notably, mice administered the LDMM diet consumed more food than those in any other group and managed to maintain similar caloric intake while losing fat without sacrificing lean body mass—provided that methionine levels were kept low enough.

Additionally, human data highlighted that participants consuming the highest amounts of animal protein—marked by elevated methionine and essential amino acid intakes—exhibited greater obesity prevalence and double the diabetes incidence compared to those with minimal or no animal protein intake.

“This trend persisted despite higher animal protein consumers having lower caloric intakes and generally healthier diets,” Dr. Longo noted.

“This challenges the traditional belief that calorie reduction is essential for weight loss while emphasizing the need for clearer insights into the underlying mechanisms.”

“Insufficient methionine levels can lead to weakness, while excess methionine may counteract the diet’s benefits, which is inspired by the dietary patterns of traditional long-lived populations like those in Italy and Okinawa.”

“The results indicate that overall protein consumption may be less critical than the intake of specific amino acids.”

“The next phase for the research team involves conducting a controlled clinical trial of the LDMM approach in humans.”

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Maura Fanti et al. A longevity diet supplemented with methionine increases growth hormone, GLP-1, and FGF21. It reduces frailty and promotes a healthy lifespan. Cell Metabolism published online June 23, 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2026.05.015

Source: www.sci.news

Mysterious Earth Beats: Unexplained Phenomenon Occurs Every 26 Seconds

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Every 26 seconds, the Earth’s crust resonates softly, akin to the rhythmic beating of a heart or the steady ticking of a clock.

These faint seismic events, termed “microearthquakes,” are imperceptible to the human senses, yet they are captured by the sensitive instruments used by seismologists.

Although scientists identified this consistent pulse decades ago, a definitive cause remains elusive.

Microearthquakes occur more frequently than one might think, arising from natural events on Earth, such as ocean waves crashing against shorelines or sports enthusiasts rhythmically stomping their feet.

They contribute to a sort of seismic background noise. Yet, this particular microearthquake is distinctive due to its persistent and rhythmic quality.

Dr. Jack Oliver, a geologist from Columbia University, played a key role in recognizing this global storm of microearthquakes, noting that the source was located in the southern Atlantic Ocean.

Now, over fifty years later, advancements in technology have allowed scientists to more precisely locate its origin.

These studies reveal that the pulse originates from Bonny Bay, situated in the Gulf of Guinea off the west coast of Africa.

Bonny Bay is located in the Gulf of Guinea off the west coast of Africa, near Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea – Credit: Getty

Researchers have narrowed down the cause to two primary theories: ocean waves or volcanic activity.

Intense waves reflecting off the coast of Africa might converge at a specific location near Bioko Island.

When these waves strike the continental shelf, their energy can slightly bend the Earth’s crust, resulting in regular seismic waves.

Significantly, the strength of the 26-second pulse appears to correlate with storm intensity in the southern Atlantic, meaning that as storms escalate, so do the waves and the resulting seismic energy.

Mount Aso, a volcano in Japan’s Aso-Kuju National Park, generates seismic pulses thought to be caused by the movement of underground gas and magma – Credit: Getty

Conversely, Chinese researchers suggest that a volcano on Sao Tome Island may be responsible for these seismic pulses. Previous studies have linked volcanoes to microseismic activity as well.

For instance, Mount Aso in Japan is known to cause tremors believed to result from gas and magma movement underground.

Additional research has uncovered a second source of periodic microseismic activity from the same region, oscillating at a slightly different frequency of every 28 seconds.

This pulse seemingly originates near Pico Cao Grande, another volcano on Sao Tome Island.

This implies that the 28-second pulse could be volcanic in nature, while the 26-second pulse might stem from another undiscovered volcano.

Despite these intriguing findings, the exact cause of Earth’s seismic pulse continues to remain a mystery.

While this pulse’s consistency is fascinating, it doesn’t pose any danger, making it a relatively low-priority area for further seismological research.

It’s my hope that we uncover answers soon.

This article addresses the question posed by Patrick Hawkins via email: “Does the Earth have a heartbeat?”

If you have any questions, feel free to email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or send a message via Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please remember to include your name and location).

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Experts Warn: Mice and Rats Developing Resistance to Rodent Poisons

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Warning for Pest Control: Common rodent poisons are becoming less effective, according to recent scientific research. Studies indicate that both mice and rats are evolving resistance to these widely used poisons.

Data from new research reveals a startling number of house mice carrying genetic mutations linked to rodenticide resistance, leading to higher survival rates against common pest control methods.

In the northeastern United States, nearly 70% of house mice sampled were found to possess a known genetic mutation that enhances their survival against standard rodenticides. Furthermore, about 35% of Norway rats, commonly referred to as brown or sewer rats, exhibited similar mutations.

House mice adapt to rodent poisons faster than rats – Credit: Getty

A team at Rutgers University initiated this study after pest control professionals reported an increasingly resistant rodent population.

Pest management expert Jin Jia Yu noted that, “Despite the effectiveness of rodenticides, controlling rodent populations has become increasingly challenging in various regions.”

The researchers analyzed DNA from 147 house mice and 143 Norway rats collected across northeastern states, including New York and Washington, D.C.

Findings revealed a significant proportion of rodents carrying mutations in a gene called Vkorc1, which is connected to resistance against anticoagulant rodenticides—one of the most common types employed in the U.S.

“Mouse resistance is more widespread than previously understood,” stated Professor Yu. “Although Norwegian rats also exhibit genetic mutations, it remains unclear how these mutations affect their sensitivity to rodenticides.”

As emphasized by study co-author Changlu Wang, rodents pose more than just a nuisance; they represent a tangible public health risk.

“As rodent populations evolve, it becomes crucial to implement science-based management strategies that safeguard public health and the environment,” he added.

“Research like this sheds light on how rodent populations are changing, necessitating adaptations in management strategies,” concluded Professor Wang.

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Revolutionary Startup Aims to Capture and Redirect Sunlight from Space for Enhanced Energy Collection

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Producing solar power on demand is precisely what a US startup, Reflect Orbital, aims to achieve. They intend to utilize mirrors in orbit to redirect excess sunlight back to Earth.

The goal isn’t to make the entire planet sunnier; rather, it’s to extend the hours during which solar power plants can generate electricity each day.

The initial plan involves launching two satellites in 2026 to serve as a proof of concept. These satellites will be equipped with deployable mirrors measuring 18 m x 18 m (59 x 59 ft) and will orbit at a low Earth altitude of about 600 km (373 miles).

Each satellite can illuminate a 6 km (3.73 mile) diameter patch of the Earth’s surface, almost as bright as a full moon.

This illumination level may not be sufficient for solar power generation, but the plan is to deploy numerous satellites all oriented in the same direction, stacking their beams to achieve a total of 5,000 by 2030 and over 50,000 by 2035.

US startup Reflect Orbital proposes using mirrors in orbit to reflect excess sunlight back to Earth – Image credit: Robin Boyden

Under optimal conditions regarding mirror reflectance and precision, certain areas on the ground could experience brightness approaching that of dusk.

However, this isn’t a constant illumination; the mirrors travel at a speed of 7.5 km/s (4.66 mi/s), meaning they can only light up the same area for a few minutes at a time. This technology is mainly beneficial for solar power plants operating just after sunset or just before dawn, as dusk does not provide sufficient brightness.

In contrast, areas receiving adequate natural light will not require enhancement since the satellites may also be in darkness.

This indicates that the economics of this venture might be less viable compared to simply expanding solar power capacity and storage on the ground.

This article addresses the question by Samantha Barker of the University of Oxford: “Can we create sunlight on demand?”

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Thunder and Wind Forecast Predicts Increased Fire Danger Across Western Regions

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A surprising recipe for wildfires is developing across drought-affected western states, and it involves an incoming cold front.

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Forecasters predict a significant cold front will develop over the Pacific Northwest on Thursday, moving southeast into the mountainous West, potentially producing dry lightning along its leading edge. Such lightning can initiate fires, and strong winds throughout the weekend may exacerbate both new and existing wildfires.

“There is a heightened risk of lightning for southern and eastern regions today and tomorrow, followed by strong winds for several days,” stated Basil Neumelzycki, a forecaster at the Great Basin Coordination Center. He made these remarks during an online conference on Wednesday. This center coordinates firefighting resources for the Intermountain West, an area that encompasses parts of Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming.

“Currently, fire danger levels have ranged from very high to extreme since Friday into the weekend. Some fires are exhibiting extreme fire behavior,” he added.

Forecasters anticipate strong storm developments across Utah, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico beginning Friday.

“During this period, large portions of the West will be highly combustible due to minimal moisture in vegetation, extremely dry fuels, and persistently dry winds,” said Daniel Swain, a climate scientist from the University of California, Los Angeles, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research. He expressed these concerns at a press conference on Monday. “I’m genuinely worried.”

Swain indicated that the storm may persist into Sunday across various locations.

“This will be widespread, long-lasting, and occurring at an unusual time of year, amid extended wind events during summer fire season, coupled with significant drought conditions,” Swain added.

The front is anticipated to bring substantial rain to areas along the coasts of Oregon and Washington and west of the Cascade Mountains.

However, Utah is expected to experience widespread wind gusts of 40 to 50 mph, according to Glenn Merrill, a meteorologist and hydrologist with the Salt Lake City-based National Weather Service. He noted that the local vegetation is dry and susceptible to fires.

“This culminates in perilous fire weather conditions conducive to swift fire spread,” Merrill commented.


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Wildfires Force Evacuations in Central Utah

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Currently, two significant wildfires are raging in Utah, and intensifying winds could worsen the situation. The Iron Fire, which ignited on Friday, has burned over 37,000 acres and nearly devastated the town of Eureka, which remains under evacuation.

“The fire advanced to the town’s edge,” Merrill reported.

The Cottonwood Fire, near Beaver, started on Monday and has already consumed approximately 60,000 acres, doubling in size daily.

“The rapid growth of these fires is evident owing to the dry vegetation, the combustible fuels, and prevailing weather conditions,” Merrill noted.

This year, Utah has recorded its lowest snowfall on record and is amid a severe drought. In March, an early spring heatwave caused temperatures to soar roughly 30 degrees above average, leading to early runoff.

“Currently, we are relying on reservoir water, and several areas have been doing so for over a month,” Merrill mentioned.

He highlighted that the location of the Cottonwood Fire is at an elevation exceeding 10,000 feet, typically where fires don’t ignite early in the year due to moist soil from melting snow.

“Regions currently burning are usually just emerging from snowmelt,” Merrill explained. “In 2023, there was still snow in those areas.”

Indications suggest a prolonged and challenging fire season in western states. According to the National Interagency Fire Center, approximately 2.8 million acres have already burned this year, which is about 800,000 acres more than the ten-year average for this time.

The center is developing predictive maps to estimate fire likelihood through September. The outlook map displays expansive areas with higher-than-average fire potential, while those below average are not featured.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Uncovering Genetic Diversity: Surprising Insights into the Last Neanderthals

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Unraveling Neanderthal Social Structure through Ancient DNA

Mauricio Anton/Science Photo Library

Recent findings indicate that the last surviving Neanderthals in northwestern Europe lived in genetically diverse and tightly-knit groups. This challenges the long-held belief that inbreeding was the primary driver behind their extinction approximately 40,000 years ago.

Despite the limitations in studying Neanderthal genetics (Homo neanderthalensis), due to the scarcity of well-preserved specimens, recent genomic analyses highlight that these ancient humans experienced periods of decreased diversity. However, the latest data suggests that inbreeding was not the foremost factor contributing to their decline.

Research led by Alba Bossams Mesa and his team at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, sequenced DNA from 27 Neanderthal remains sourced from diverse locations in Belgium and France, dating back as far as 52,500 to 40,000 years ago. Significantly, one genome revealed that a woman from Belgium’s Goyet Cave was cannibalized around 45,000 years ago.

“These newly analyzed genomes are crucial as they represent some of the youngest known Neanderthals, offering new perspectives on their genetic diversity during their extinction period,” explained Chris Stringer from the Natural History Museum, London.

Bossoms Mesa and his colleagues established that these 27 specimens belonged to at least 11 distinct Neanderthals. While overall diversity in Neanderthals was lower than that of modern humans, this group showed no substantial increase in detrimental genetic mutations or significant decreases in diversity.

In contrast to other Neanderthal populations, such as those in the Altai region of Siberia, which displayed evidence of inbreeding, Bossams-Mesa pointed out that these northwestern Neanderthals were closer to extinction yet displayed greater genetic diversity than their eastern counterparts.

The genetic findings also revealed that these Neanderthals were more closely related to each other than to late Neanderthal groups found further east in Croatia and southern Russia, splitting from a common ancestor approximately 54,000 years ago.

Neanderthal Excavations in Spy Cave, Belgium

P. Semal, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, CC-BY 4.0

The broader implication suggests that the Altai Neanderthals may not accurately represent the entire species. Instead, the neanderthals from northwestern Europe belonged to a broader, interconnected population rather than a mere isolated group, says Bossams-Mesa. Different regional populations likely experienced varied life histories amid significant ecological and demographic shifts.

Modern humans made their entrance into Europe around 47,000 years ago, coexisting with this Neanderthal population for multiple generations. However, genomic evidence from these European Neanderthals reveals no interbreeding with modern humans, despite widespread indications of hybrids found elsewhere.

“This discrepancy raises intriguing questions about the interactions and power dynamics between Neanderthals and modern humans, which remain poorly understood,” noted Tarshika Vimala from UC Berkeley.

Bossoms Mesa posits various scenarios for this finding. Among them is the possibility that interbreeding predominantly occurred in different regions, such as the Levant, or that social dynamics or incompatibility with hybrids might have led to their nurturing primarily within human communities.

Stringer contemplates that the patterns of genetic exchanges into modern human populations reinforce the notion that late Neanderthals were losing reproductive capabilities, contributing to their eventual decline.

Perhaps it’s essential to rethink their status. “Even if remnants of their DNA exist in our genomes, Neanderthals haven’t truly vanished,” asserts Bossoms-Mesa.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Evidence of Ancient Life on Mars: Complex Carbon Discoveries Revealed

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NASA's Perseverance Mars rover beside a rock resembling microbial features

NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover stands beside a rock with markings resembling microbial features.

NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS

NASA’s Perseverance rover has made a groundbreaking discovery of complex carbon compounds within a Martian crater, a site previously indicated as potentially harboring ancient life. On Earth, these compounds are often associated with biological remnants; however, scientists caution against jumping to conclusions, as such compounds can also emerge from non-living environments like meteorites.

In 2024, Perseverance explored a rocky outcrop named Bright Angel, located near what seems to be an ancient riverbed that once nourished a lake in Jezero Crater. Distinct mottling patterns observed on some rocks, dubbed “leopard spots” or “poppy seeds” by NASA scientists, comprise dark circular blotches measuring up to 1 millimeter in size. These patterns closely mimic those associated with ancient microbial activity on Earth.

While the possibility of abiotic origins remains, these signatures present some of the most compelling evidence for ancient life on Mars. However, comprehensive data regarding the chemical makeup and distribution of these patterns within the Bright Angel Formation was still lacking.

Equipped with advanced measurement tools, Perseverance is capable of providing crucial chemical insights about the rocks it examines, including the SHERLOC instrument. This tool uses ultraviolet laser reflections to identify elements and compounds present in rock samples.

According to Ashley Murphy, researchers at the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona, utilized SHERLOC to detect large, complex carbon-containing molecules, known as polymeric carbon, on the surfaces of marked rocks within the Bright Angel Formation.

“On Earth, polymeric carbon is typically found in ancient rocks and can serve as a key indicator of past microbial life,” Murphy explains. “Identifying these organic macromolecules on Mars and other celestial bodies can enhance our understanding of the conditions that may once supported life.”

However, the finding of these carbon compounds does not automatically imply a biological origin, as they are also frequently discovered in meteorites, notes Lewis Dartnell from the University of Westminster, London. Murphy’s team also found that these compounds are linked to essential life-supporting minerals: carbonates and sulfates, which typically form in water-rich environments. “This context provides valuable insights into the geological environments where these organic materials exist,” Dartnell adds.

Jezero Crater is believed to have harbored abundant water at some point, making the presence of carbon compounds here consistent with expectations, according to team members like Kyle Uckert at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. However, it is noteworthy that polymeric carbon has never been documented on the surfaces of such rocks before, raising questions about its resilience and distinctive nature compared to other carbon compounds found on Mars.

“Its widespread presence in the Bright Angel mudstone was unexpected in relation to other observations throughout the crater,” Uckert said. The reasons for this anomaly remain unclear, but Dartnell suggests that it may be an encouraging signal for discovering additional evidence of ancient life. “This detection confirms the potential for complex organic materials like these polymeric deposits to endure over geological timescales.”

While the SHERLOC tool can identify polymeric carbon, it cannot ascertain the precise composition of a compound beyond indicating it is carbon-rich, according to Sean McMahon from the University of Edinburgh, UK. “To determine if the carbon in these rocks is biologically derived, we would need to return samples to Earth,” he states.

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  • Extraterrestrial Life

Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary Lunar Botanist Aims to Cultivate Vegetables on the Moon

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Astronaut Mark Watney’s journey to grow potatoes on Mars in the film Martian may be fiction, but real-world astrobotanists like Jessica Atkin are making strides in the field. As NASA gears up to establish a sustainable lunar base through the Artemis II mission, the need for skilled individuals who can cultivate crops off Earth is becoming paramount.

Establishing a self-sufficient moon base poses challenges, including the requirement for colonists to harvest water from lunar ice and contend with the inhospitable lunar regolith. Atkin’s groundbreaking research, undertaken at Texas A&M University, demonstrates that chickpeas can sprout when lunar regolith is treated with a blend of organic materials and particular fungi. Her work recently earned her a significant NASA grant to advance research on lunar agriculture.

Atkin discussed her aspirations for a lunar greenhouse, the importance of her work, and what future astronauts can expect to eat on the moon.

Robin George Andrews: What motivated your interest in astrobotany?

Jessica Atkin: My passion for plants began in my childhood, specifically in my grandmother’s strawberry fields. Growing up on a ranch, I spent evenings pondering the possibilities of cultivating plants in space. My belief is that microbes could help us in the process of colonizing not just Earth but the Moon as well.

How did your military service shape your academic career?

My time in the military was a stepping stone to obtaining my college education without financial dependence on my family. I served as a police officer and trained the Iraqi police, experiences that taught me resilience and adaptability—qualities I now bring to my research.

Why grow crops in lunar regolith instead of transporting soil from Earth?

Transporting 1 pound to the Moon can cost around $100,000, making it impractical for sustaining long-term food growth. Instead, we’ll focus on leveraging hydroponics and other innovative methods, much like the systems used on the International Space Station (ISS).

What challenges does lunar regolith present for agriculture?

The structure of lunar regolith is detrimental to plant growth; its sharp, small particles can harm both plants and astronauts alike. Moreover, the chemical composition, while containing necessary nutrients, poses risks due to potentially toxic elements that can inhibit plant health.

Chickpea roots growing in simulated lunar regolith

Michael Miller/Texas A&M AgriLife

What progress has been made in lunar agriculture?

Research teams, such as those from the University of Florida, have shown that plants like thale watercress can grow in actual lunar regolith samples collected during the Apollo missions. My initial research overlooked the vital role of microbes in plant growth, and I felt compelled to explore their significance further.

Your work emphasizes the importance of fungi in lunar agriculture.

Understanding that fungi can aid plants in establishing themselves on land here on Earth, I wanted to investigate if a similar symbiotic relationship could help plants thrive in lunar regolith.

Why did you choose chickpeas as a candidate for lunar cultivation?

Chickpeas are often overlooked as crops, yet they are rich in protein and serve as a vital food source. Unlike typical crops like lettuce and tomatoes, chickpeas are resilient and capable of thriving in harsh conditions, making them ideal for lunar agriculture.

Before your NASA grant, you pioneered research in your home.

My living room transformed into a botanical lab, as I knew that exploring these experiments was crucial when few others were doing so.

Were you able to utilize real lunar regolith in your studies?

Full samples of lunar regolith are scarce and heavily guarded at NASA’s Johnson Space Center; thus, I utilized lunar simulants created from terrestrial volcanic rock to replicate the lunar environment effectively.

Jessica Atkin with chickpeas in simulated moon dust

Michael Miller/Texas A&M AgriLife

What is the current state of your lunar agriculture research?

Atkin’s ongoing studies focus on combining fungi with compost to ascertain the optimal amount of organic material that will successfully nourish plants and microbes in lunar regolith. Remarkably, chickpeas have shown rapid germination, hinting at a potential agricultural revolution on the Moon.

What obstacles do you foresee for future lunar vegetable gardens?

The elevated radiation levels on the Moon and its gravitational differences can significantly alter plant growth, making effective lighting and optimal watering strategies crucial. This will necessitate specially designed, isolated greenhouses to protect both astronauts and plants from lunar dust.

What is your vision for the future of astronaut diets?

I believe the diet of astronauts will increasingly rely on shelf-stable and packaged foods, with legumes like chickpeas providing essential nutrients. The future could even see the introduction of lunar-grown foods like space hummus!

What culinary delights do you envision in a lunar greenhouse?

I have a soft spot for fruits, particularly strawberries, which are currently undergoing tests for growth in space. NASA is exploring various crops, including strawberries in space.

How do you feel about being dubbed the Botanist of the Moon?

While it’s a niche title, I embrace it as an opportunity in a burgeoning field, especially as NASA’s Artemis program progresses. There will be high demand for specialized roles in space agriculture.

If given the opportunity, would you establish a lunar greenhouse?

Absolutely; it’s the realization of a lifelong dream! Being part of lunar exploration and agricultural innovation is something I would cherish deeply.

Reflecting on your early inspirations, what would your grandmother think of your journey?

Even though she’s no longer with us, I know she’d be immensely proud of my achievements. Her support always motivated me, and I hope to honor her legacy through my work in astrobotany.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Female Homo Naledi Skeletons: Insights and Discoveries

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Homo naledi skull

Homo naledi Skull

Peter Van Evert/Alamy

The Homo naledi discovery in a South African cave over thirteen years ago has revealed astonishing insights. Recent analyses of skeletal proteins suggest all samples examined were female, providing potentially the most compelling evidence of early human behavior yet.

Uncovered by a group of cavers in 2013 within the Rising Star cave system, approximately 40 kilometers northwest of Johannesburg, the fossils were situated in deep, hard-to-reach chambers. Since their discovery, researchers have tirelessly investigated how these remains came to rest in such a location.

Initial hypotheses emerged in 2015, proposing that H. naledi corpses were intentionally placed in the cave, as suggested by Lee Berger from the University of the Witwatersrand. Archaeological findings indicated potential grave digging within the cave and the use of torches to navigate the darkness, with claims of ancient rock paintings left behind in this burial space. However, these ideas have been met with skepticism.

The latest findings by Palesa Madupe at the University of Copenhagen involved extracting ancient proteins from H. naledi tooth enamel, enabling insights into the genetics of this long-extinct species, believed to have lived between 335,000 and 236,000 years ago.

Tooth enamel comprises around a dozen proteins, relatively understudied in evolutionary terms. However, certain proteins can reveal biological sex due to the presence of amelogenin proteins linked to X and Y chromosomes, with females typically containing only the X-linked (amelogenin A) allele.

Madupe and her team examined all 23 known H. naledi specimens and successfully identified amelogenin proteins in 20, all of which were female—a startling outcome. Madupe expressed initial concerns about potential errors in their analysis, yet repeated tests yielded the same result, leading researchers to ponder the absence of male specimens.

One explanation could be the rapid degradation of AMELY proteins, making some undetectable. However, Madupe suggests this is unlikely, especially considering that similar proteins dating back two million years were recently discovered in South African excavations.

Lee Berger at the Rising Star Cave Entrance

Luca Sola/AFP via Getty Images

Another theory suggests that H. naledi males might not express AMELY genes on their enamel. Examining existing literature, researchers note that such deletions can occur in current human populations, though infrequently. They calculated the likelihood of AMELY absence among a random sample of 20 individuals, positing that the odds would be exceedingly low at just 0.0000954 percent.

This points to one intriguing conclusion: all 20 fossilized remains could have belonged to females. Berger argues this indicates that the notion of a natural process leading to their arrival in the cave is untenable. Instead, he posits that the findings imply intentional placement of female corpses within the cave.

Many researchers support this conclusion. For instance, Emma Pomeroy from Cambridge University remarked, “This suggests either flawed analytical methods or intentional choices regarding H. naledi individuals.” Similarly, Bernard Wood from George Washington University hypothesizes there might be behavioral reasons behind why female remains were deposited in the cave.

Others remain more skeptical. Researcher Kimberly Fecke from George Mason University suggests cave access may have historically posed challenges for larger individuals, thus affecting the representation of males in the fossil record. Notably, the initial archaeologists who explored the cave were predominantly women.

In contrast, Michael Petraglia at Griffith University advocates the idea that social dynamics among H. naledi could have led to populations with higher female-to-male ratios for foraging activities.

However, other experts, like Eric Kruvezy from the University of Toulouse, express reservations about this theory, noting that in primate groups with uneven male-to-female ratios, one typically finds a balance of male and female infants. This discrepancy brings into question the potential for a largely female demographic in the cave.

Berger maintains that these findings bolster his hypothesis that H. naledi corpses were purposefully placed in the cave. Other researchers challenge this notion, with Wood asserting that simply placing a body in a rock crevice shouldn’t be equated with burial rituals, denying the existence of complex cultural beliefs in early hominins regarding mortality.

Finally, the pivotal question remains: what did H. naledi look like? Wood notes that while physiological traits can be surmised from female specimens, significant variation might be expected, especially considering other hominin species like Paranthropus boisei, where males displayed larger cranial features.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Rouse Maggots: Pioneering Species for Revolutionary ‘Extinction Drive’ Efforts

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Screwworm Larva

A fang-like lower jaw protrudes from the mouth of a screwworm larva.

Scott Camazine/Alamy

While the extinction of certain species might be deemed controversial, in some cases, it could be beneficial. For example, eliminating malaria-carrying mosquitoes might improve global health.

Advancements in genetic technology, notably through gene drives, enable the deliberate alteration of species populations. These gene drives can rapidly disseminate harmful traits within populations, yet, currently, the technology’s application against malaria-carrying mosquitoes is limited. Researchers like Kevin Esvelt at MIT have pioneered CRISPR-based gene drives to target pests such as the screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax).

As Esvelt notes, “I bet on the New World screwworm fly, an insect even more detested than mosquitoes.” Screwworm flies are notorious for laying eggs in the wounds of mammals, leading to severe injury and even death for the host. Livestock farmers face significant challenges due to screwworm infestations.

Historically, screwworms thrived across the Americas but were eradicated in North and Central America during the 1960s, though they still pose a threat in parts of South America.

The removal of screwworms in North America hinged on the sterile insect technique. Since female screwworms mate only once, introducing sterile males into the wild can effectively curb population growth. However, this method is costly and hasn’t been employed in South America—genetic modification through gene drives might present a feasible alternative.

Understanding Gene Drives

Gene drives refer to mechanisms that skew inheritance rates. Typically, offspring inherit DNA from both parents, which may reduce the prevalence of harmful traits over time. A genetic drive can ensure that more than half of the offspring inherit a specific trait, even if that trait proves disadvantageous.

Through natural mating processes, the gene drive replicates itself, resulting in the propagation of specific traits within a population, which could lead to substantial declines in numbers.

For example, gene drives can be engineered to disrupt essential reproductive genes, potentially rendering populations infertile over time. This is superior to traditional sterile insect techniques, which require mass releases of sterilized insects.

Addressing Controversies

Though the application of gene drives toward eradicating malaria-carrying mosquitoes would be revolutionary, public resistance rooted in concerns surrounding genetic modification limits such initiatives. For instance, a gene drive project in Burkina Faso was recently halted due to opposition, illustrating the challenges faced in promoting genetic modification.

The debate around genetic modification often reflects broader societal views. It’s vital to recognize that genetic modification is already embedded in agriculture, and the focus should be on the applications rather than the technology itself.

Gene drives, while appearing alarming, are part of natural processes. Resistance to unfavorable traits is expected, yet innovative solutions can be developed to enhance their effectiveness.

Efforts to eliminate screwworms through gene drives are already underway, with projects initiated by institutions like the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INIA) in Uruguay and the Guardian Program by DARPA. While detailed information is scarce, the successful development of gene drives against mosquitoes indicates potential in targeting screwworms.

As Colossal Biosciences proposes to develop gene drives for screwworm eradication, their lack of experience raises concerns, emphasizing the significant knowledge and expertise needed in this field.

Critics often argue about the ecological consequences of eradicating certain species; however, with precedents in successful species removal, the potential benefits to human health should be carefully weighed against fears of ecological imbalance.

In summary, advancements in gene drive technology may pave the way for eradicating harmful pest populations and improving public health. The memory of screwworm infestations serves as a reminder of the urgent need for effective pest management strategies in the Americas.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Beware: This Hidden Fish Beneath the Sand Can Cause Beachgoer Distress

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Take a glance at the fascinating White Margin Stargazer (Uranoscopus sulphureus). With its large, intimidating teeth and upward-facing eyes, it’s perfectly equipped to deter any potential threats.

Their appearance can be likened to small, grotesque humans half-buried in sand, displaying a clear displeasure at their situation.

Stargazers excel at solitude; they are known as ambush predators, showcasing remarkable skills at catching prey.

These elusive creatures often bury their bodies in sandy ocean floors, using their broad pectoral fins to clear the substrate, leaving only their eyes exposed, poised to snatch any unsuspecting animal that wanders too close.

If the right prey doesn’t come along, they can ingeniously lure it in.

Equipped with feather-like skin projections around their mouths, they create the illusion of wriggling insects, enticing fish or crabs to investigate. Unfortunately, these curious creatures discover far more than they expected.

The stargazer can quickly draw in water with its wide mouth, generating a strong vacuum that captures prey in the blink of an eye.

Not only do these fish employ cunning hunting tactics, but they also come with natural defenses. White Margin Stargazers possess venomous spines capable of delivering a painful sting.

This species, reaching up to 45 cm (about 18 inches) in length, thrives in tropical waters across the Indian and Pacific Oceans, from the Red Sea to Fiji and Tonga.

Stargazers are named for their pronounced eyes, which seem to gaze upward at the stars – Credit: Getty

There are approximately 50 species of stargazers found worldwide, all of which are poisonous. Accidentally stepping on a stargazer can be excruciating, though rarely fatal.

Moreover, the White Margin Stargazer has another surprising capability: it can produce electric shocks from specialized cells located between its eyes.

This species, along with other electric fish, plays fast and loose with the old safety rule of avoiding water and electricity; water is a vastly more effective conductor than air.

In fact, at least six distinct fish groups have independently developed the ability to generate electric shocks for various purposes.

The most infamous is the electric eel, which, despite its name, is not a true eel, hailing from the Amazon basin and capable of delivering a stunning 200-volt zap to capture prey.

Similarly, elephant fish utilize mild electrical currents to navigate murky waters, akin to bats using echolocation.

White Margin Stargazers deploy electric shocks as a deterrent. Although these shocks aren’t strong enough to subdue prey, they effectively keep larger predators at bay.

Like other electric fish, stargazers adapt their muscle cells to manipulate charged ions across their membranes instead of contracting muscles, allowing them to gather electrical charge that can be swiftly released when necessary.

How they achieve this without electrocution remains a captivating mystery.

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Federal Firefighters to Adopt N95 Masks in Significant Policy Change

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For the first time, federal firefighters are being encouraged to wear respirators to safeguard themselves from the harmful effects of smoke during wildland firefighting operations.

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The U.S. Forest Service announced on Wednesday that firefighters are now permitted to use N95 respirators on fire scenes. This marks a significant policy shift, as protective gear had not been authorized for decades despite evidence highlighting the health risks linked to wildfire smoke.

“This change has been a long time coming,” stated George Broyles, a veteran USFS firefighter who has researched wildfire exposure risks. “It’s undeniable that first responders worldwide face increased risks of cancer and heart disease.”

For Broyles, this policy amendment signifies a long-overdue acknowledgment from the Forest Service of the toxic nature of wildfire smoke, prompting the agency to seek measures that mitigate risks for its personnel.

The Forest Service has historically been slow to address the health impacts of wildfire smoke and to implement necessary protections for workers in challenging firefighting environments.

Inhalation of wildfire smoke exposes individuals to volatile gases and fine particulate matter, which can infiltrate the lungs and enter the bloodstream. Such exposure is linked to respiratory issues, lung cancer, and various chronic diseases, as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes across diverse U.S. demographics. Studies indicate that wildland firefighters experience heightened risks for lung cancer and cardiovascular conditions.

The Forest Service also revealed plans to initiate a cleanup program aimed at minimizing firefighters’ skin exposure to toxins in soot and ash. Personnel will be compensated for time spent washing uniforms, cleaning vehicles, and showering post-fire operations.

The agency clarified that this updated policy serves as a temporary step towards establishing a more robust protective program that aligns with Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards.

“We’re committed to developing a comprehensive respiratory protection program without delay. We believe N95 respirators can be effectively utilized to offer protection, while allowing for removal if individuals overheat,” commented Evan Birx, a U.S. Forest Service spokesperson. “While use is not mandatory, we strongly encourage it.”

The Forest Service stated that fire managers and firefighters intending to use respirators will be required to undergo a training program.

As wildfires escalate in frequency and severity, researchers are racing to comprehend the long-term consequences of smoke exposure. Wildland firefighters represent a demographic at high risk for chronic smoke-related ailments.

A 2019 survey indicated that, depending on their career duration and exposure days, wildland firefighters are estimated to face an 8% to 43% increased risk of lung cancer and a 16% to 30% elevated risk of cardiovascular issues. Further studies reveal that wildland firefighters are more likely to develop hypertension and arrhythmia.

“Access to N95s, decontamination protocols, and relevant training can significantly reduce exposure to harmful smoke and toxins,” stated Steve Gutierrez, union representative for the American Federation of Federal Employees. “It’s vital to build upon this momentum with a long-term respiratory protection strategy, cancer screenings, early disease detection, and improved facilities like washing machines for decontamination.”

While N95 masks offer some level of protection, they are not a panacea. Their design can cause discomfort and may increase the effort required for breathing during intense physical activity. Moreover, while they prevent particulates from entering the body, they do not guard against carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and other harmful gases emitted from fires.

According to Forest Service guidelines, these masks should not be used in steep terrains or environments where fire conditions are rapidly changing or where direct flame contact is possible.

“Currently, there isn’t a one-size-fits-all solution,” remarked Reba Duncan, president of Grassroots Wildland Firefighters, a nonprofit advocacy organization comprising current and former federal wildland firefighters. She characterized N95s as merely “an additional temporary measure.”

Nonetheless, developing a comprehensive ventilatory system in line with OSHA regulations could require “many years” to finalize, Broyles cautioned.

Both he and Gutierrez noted that many firefighters might opt not to wear N95 respirators.

“I believe it’s going to be a culture-changing process,” Gutierrez added.

This summer may be particularly challenging for wildland firefighters. As per the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) statistics, over 34,000 wildfires have ignited, scorching at least 2.7 million acres in 2023; both figures exceed the 10-year averages.

Numerous western states, including Utah and Colorado, have witnessed record spring snowfall yet are currently grappling with significant drought and heightened fire risks. Concurrently, a strong El Niño phenomenon is unfolding, leading to anticipated increases in global temperatures.

NIFC’s prediction map indicates a potential to exceed average fire activity in various areas throughout this summer, with no regions displaying “below normal” forecasts.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

How Estrogen Level Fluctuations Affect Drug Absorption in Women’s Brains

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Efficacy of Intranasal Drug May Be Influenced by Estrogen

Sergei Babenko/Alamy

The experimental drug davunetide initially showed significant promise in combating degenerative brain diseases until a pivotal late-stage trial failed over a decade ago. Following this setback, Aron Therapeutics discontinued its development. However, recent analyses suggest that: this drug may be effective for women. Further investigation reveals that fluctuations in estrogen levels may affect the delivery of the drug to the brain, indicating that its efficacy—and that of similar treatments—could vary based on hormonal changes throughout the menstrual cycle.

“It is common for brain diseases to be influenced by steroid hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone,” stated Jens Pahnke from the University of Oslo, who was not involved in the study.

Over 20 years ago, researchers at Tel Aviv University, including Ilana Gozes, derived davunetide from a naturally-occurring brain protein called activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP). This protein is now known to be regulated by sex hormones. Studies indicate that davunetide enhances microtubules, a crucial component of the brain’s transport system, which in turn helps prevent toxic protein accumulation such as tau, associated with Alzheimer’s disease. However, in 2014, an intranasal formulation was tested in late-stage trials for progressive supranuclear palsy, a rare neurological disorder, but yielded no significant effects.

This realization allowed Gozes, who participated in the clinical trial, to reflect on her previous research on gender differences in clinical outcomes. To assess whether these differences applied to davunetide, Gozes and her team analyzed gene activity in male and female mice with the ADNP mutation, resulting in an epiphany: the gene sets altered between the sexes were “very different.”

Additionally, upon reanalyzing the davunetide study with a gender-focused lens, findings indicated that in women with progressive supranuclear palsy, the drug seemed to slow disease progression, providing protection against brain damage symptoms, such as difficulties with swallowing and speech. “When we separated the data by gender, the outcomes diverged,” Gozes noted.

Recent experiments involving fluorescently labeled davunetide administered to male and female mice revealed that females exhibited higher drug absorption during peak estrogen levels. A study involving eight adult participants, six women and two men, found that women had higher peak concentrations of the drug in their plasma compared to men.

This variability may be attributed to estrogen’s influence on blood flow, drug metabolism, and blood-brain barrier permeability, which affects drug absorption.

Hormones like estrogen serve as critical regulators of various brain functions and can modulate drug efficacy, as highlighted by Pahnke. He emphasized the significance of assessing not only the presence but also the concentration of each hormone in specific brain regions, stating, “Different areas may respond variably to hormonal changes.”

Professor Pahnke previously uncovered that the multiple sclerosis drug fingolimod demonstrates significantly greater efficacy in female mouse models of Huntington’s disease compared to males. Yet, he urges caution regarding Gozes’ findings, noting that the research, conducted primarily in mice and involving a small human sample, merits careful interpretation. “These [findings] can inform hypotheses regarding the sex-dependent bioavailability of intranasal davunetide, but conclusions should be approached with caution.”

Both researchers agree on a critical observation: Despite variations in clinical trials by gender, hormonal status is seldom accounted for, potentially neglecting significant biological diversity.

“What [the researchers] are illustrating is that neurodegenerative diseases manifest differently in males and females, and even with the same medication, hormonal factors modify therapeutic outcomes,” Gozes remarked.

Davunetide has received a development license through ExoNavis Therapeutics in Tel Aviv. “We are currently committed to advancing our gender-stratified clinical trials in individuals with ADNP syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder attributed to an ADNP mutation, and progressive supranuclear palsy,” stated Gozes, who holds the position of vice president of drug development at the company.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Uncovering Hidden Black Holes: Solving Galaxies’ Central Mysteries

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Bright Flares Near Sagittarius A*

Photo Credit: NASA/CXC/MIT/FKBaganoff/Getty Images

<p>The heart of our galaxy, revolving around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*, remains a captivating enigma. Recent research sheds light on the peculiar stars that orbit this cosmic giant. Astronomers have identified three distinct populations of stars, all sharing similar ages but varying characteristics. Remarkably, a new model offers a comprehensive explanation for their formations.</p>

<p>The closest star group to Sagittarius A* is known as the S star cluster. This collection comprises spherical stars with elongated orbits, bringing them perilously close to the black hole. Curious gaps in their distribution, termed avoidance zones, add to the intrigue. Beyond this cluster lies a group of clockwise disk stars, forming a regular disk outside the S star orbits. Finally, there's a dispersed set of extra-disk stars, with some seemingly orbiting in reverse.</p><span class="js-content-prompt-opportunity"/>

<p>Previously proposed theories failed to explain the unified nature of these star populations. However, <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7814-9185">Jen Xiaochen</a> and her team at Beijing Planetarium suggest a groundbreaking solution. They introduced an intermediate-mass black hole, estimated to be hundreds to a thousand times the Sun's mass, to their model. This object is hypothesized to have influenced the coalescence of stars within a disk of gas and dust, dictating the orbits we observe today.</p>

<p>Positioning this intermediate-mass object close to the galactic center, and angling its orbit relative to the disk, results in intricate gravitational interactions among the stars. This dynamic interaction predominantly affects the outer stars, altering their orbits and causing some of those beyond the disk to appear to orbit in reversed directions.</p>

<p>The clockwise disk stars experience a balance of gravitational forces between the intermediate-mass black hole and Sagittarius A*, leading to subtle orbital changes. The S stars, on the other hand, are primarily influenced by interactions among themselves, resulting in the formation of avoidance zones.</p>

<p>As Zheng posited, "Through three different gravitational dances, this cosmic companion separated families." This model elegantly accounts for the diverse star populations near the galactic core, avoiding the complexities of multiple independent formation scenarios.</p>

<p>Despite these advancements, the nature of the cosmic companion remains elusive. "Identifying this perturber is crucial, but locating intermediate-mass black holes is challenging," notes <a href="https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/persons/albert.zijlstra/">Albert Zijlstra</a> from the University of Manchester, UK. Current efforts have yet to yield solid evidence in this mass range.</p>

<p>One promising candidate is the IRS-13E star cluster, located near the galaxy's center and potentially harboring a black hole. However, its classification as a genuine star cluster requires further investigation and long-term observation to unravel the mysteries surrounding galactic centers.</p>

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Source: www.newscientist.com